HOoria
March 12th, 2010, 01:53 PM
Mangla Dam - The First Mega Project of Pakistan
http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/mega/mangla/dam-mangla-2.gif
The Mangla Dam water storage and power generation project was the beginning of the construction of mega projects in Pakistan. The construction started on 8 May 1962 and was finally inaugurated on 23 November 1967. The dam was built by a international consortium, which besides the World Bank also included Austria, Canada, West Germany, New eland, the UK and USA.
The project was designed primarily to increase the amount of water that could be used for irrigation from the flow of the Jhelum and its tributaries. Its secondary function was to generate electrical power from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of the reservoir. The project was not designed as a flood control structure, although some benefit in this respect also arises from its use for irrigation and water supply.
http://www.descon.com.pk/Themes/Common/Images/Experience/Infrastructure/imgManglaDam.jpg
The main structures of the dam include 4 embankment dams, 2 spillways, 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels and a power station. The main dam is 10,300 feet long and 454 feet high (above core trench) with a reservoir of 97.7 square miles. The dam is 3,353 meters long and 116 meters high above the river bed. Its lake is spread over 100 kilometres. The main dam is supported by two auxiliary dams, the Jari and Sukhian dams. It is designed to store 5.88 MAF water and also used for power generation. Mangla had an initial storage capacity of 5.88 MAF in 1967, which has now been reduced to 1.97 MAF (34% of the initial). In view of its declining storage, recently a massive raising project is presently underway to raise the level by 30 feet from the existing 1210 feet level at an approximate cost of Rs. 59 billion. Mangla Dam is one of the biggest earth filled dams in the world and is approximately two and a half times bigger than the Egyptian Aswan Dam. The dam was damaged partially during an Indian Air Force bombing in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 when the dam was hit by the bombs, against the international convention that large water reservoirs should not be targeted in war.
Mangla Dam Raising
Since its first impounding in 1967, sedimentation has occurred to the extent of 1.13 MAF, and the present gross storage capacity has declined to 4.75 MAF from the actual design of 5.88 MAF. The live capacity has declined to 4.58 MAF from 5.34 MAF. This implies a reduction of 19.22% in the capacity of the dam.
http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/mega/mangla/pic_mangladam_raising-map.jpg
Unless measures were taken in time, this mega project would have become a dead dam in years to come. Since the design feature of the dam includes its raising to an additional 30 feet, the government of Pakistan decided in 2004 to go ahead with its raising project. Raising of the Mangla Dam will help into regain the reservoir capacity lost to sediment deposition and make provision for future sedimentation. Main features of the project include four earth dams with a maximum height of 454 ft. (154 meters) and total length of about 13 kilometres. For flood routing, two spillways are provided. The raising project will also generate construction activity and employment opportunities at large scale. The dam has already contributed significantly towards improvement of the environment in terms of agriculture growth, job opportunities and improved standard of living. Availability of additional water and hydro power will further enhance these positive impacts.
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/23/40763856_7143159158.jpg
WAPDA inked a Rs.13.793 billion contract on June 28,2004 with CWE JV led by a Chinese Company China International Water and Electric Corporation for the construction of main works of Mangla Dam Raising Project in the stipulated period of 39 months ending September 19,2007. The local contractors in CWE JV include Descon Engineering, Interconstruct Gammon Pakistan and Sachal Engineering Works. The major components of the Mangla Dam raising works comprise raising of the dams and main spillway head works besides constructing a control weir upstream of the emergency spillway. Construction of an 18 kilometres long Mirpur bypass Road is also included in the contract. On completion of the project in 2007 the average annual water availability for irrigation releases would increase by 2.88 million acre feet (3,550 MCM). The power generating facilities of the original dam were designed for raised Mangla conditions. Hence additional energy will also be produced without making any alteration or addition in the power generating units. The average annual energy output is estimated to increase by about 12 percent of the present energy production. It is believed that the raising project will generate employment opportunities and give a fillip to socio-economic activities.
http://k53.pbase.com/o4/30/553830/1/58642340.DSC8401.jpg
http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/mega/mangla/dam-mangla-2.gif
The Mangla Dam water storage and power generation project was the beginning of the construction of mega projects in Pakistan. The construction started on 8 May 1962 and was finally inaugurated on 23 November 1967. The dam was built by a international consortium, which besides the World Bank also included Austria, Canada, West Germany, New eland, the UK and USA.
The project was designed primarily to increase the amount of water that could be used for irrigation from the flow of the Jhelum and its tributaries. Its secondary function was to generate electrical power from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of the reservoir. The project was not designed as a flood control structure, although some benefit in this respect also arises from its use for irrigation and water supply.
http://www.descon.com.pk/Themes/Common/Images/Experience/Infrastructure/imgManglaDam.jpg
The main structures of the dam include 4 embankment dams, 2 spillways, 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels and a power station. The main dam is 10,300 feet long and 454 feet high (above core trench) with a reservoir of 97.7 square miles. The dam is 3,353 meters long and 116 meters high above the river bed. Its lake is spread over 100 kilometres. The main dam is supported by two auxiliary dams, the Jari and Sukhian dams. It is designed to store 5.88 MAF water and also used for power generation. Mangla had an initial storage capacity of 5.88 MAF in 1967, which has now been reduced to 1.97 MAF (34% of the initial). In view of its declining storage, recently a massive raising project is presently underway to raise the level by 30 feet from the existing 1210 feet level at an approximate cost of Rs. 59 billion. Mangla Dam is one of the biggest earth filled dams in the world and is approximately two and a half times bigger than the Egyptian Aswan Dam. The dam was damaged partially during an Indian Air Force bombing in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 when the dam was hit by the bombs, against the international convention that large water reservoirs should not be targeted in war.
Mangla Dam Raising
Since its first impounding in 1967, sedimentation has occurred to the extent of 1.13 MAF, and the present gross storage capacity has declined to 4.75 MAF from the actual design of 5.88 MAF. The live capacity has declined to 4.58 MAF from 5.34 MAF. This implies a reduction of 19.22% in the capacity of the dam.
http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/mega/mangla/pic_mangladam_raising-map.jpg
Unless measures were taken in time, this mega project would have become a dead dam in years to come. Since the design feature of the dam includes its raising to an additional 30 feet, the government of Pakistan decided in 2004 to go ahead with its raising project. Raising of the Mangla Dam will help into regain the reservoir capacity lost to sediment deposition and make provision for future sedimentation. Main features of the project include four earth dams with a maximum height of 454 ft. (154 meters) and total length of about 13 kilometres. For flood routing, two spillways are provided. The raising project will also generate construction activity and employment opportunities at large scale. The dam has already contributed significantly towards improvement of the environment in terms of agriculture growth, job opportunities and improved standard of living. Availability of additional water and hydro power will further enhance these positive impacts.
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/23/40763856_7143159158.jpg
WAPDA inked a Rs.13.793 billion contract on June 28,2004 with CWE JV led by a Chinese Company China International Water and Electric Corporation for the construction of main works of Mangla Dam Raising Project in the stipulated period of 39 months ending September 19,2007. The local contractors in CWE JV include Descon Engineering, Interconstruct Gammon Pakistan and Sachal Engineering Works. The major components of the Mangla Dam raising works comprise raising of the dams and main spillway head works besides constructing a control weir upstream of the emergency spillway. Construction of an 18 kilometres long Mirpur bypass Road is also included in the contract. On completion of the project in 2007 the average annual water availability for irrigation releases would increase by 2.88 million acre feet (3,550 MCM). The power generating facilities of the original dam were designed for raised Mangla conditions. Hence additional energy will also be produced without making any alteration or addition in the power generating units. The average annual energy output is estimated to increase by about 12 percent of the present energy production. It is believed that the raising project will generate employment opportunities and give a fillip to socio-economic activities.
http://k53.pbase.com/o4/30/553830/1/58642340.DSC8401.jpg