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Le parti socialiste catalan a déposé une requête sur l’utilisation des gaz toxiques dans la guerre du Rif (1922 – 1927), devant le parlement espagnol. En attendant la réponse du gouvernement, qui devra être prononcée par le Premier ministre Zapatero, le parti catalan a convié l’association marocaine des victimes de gaz toxiques (créée en 1999) en la personne de Ilyas Omari.

Pour ce dernier, "55 % des patients qui affluent au centre d’oncologie de Rabat, qui draine les cancéreux de la moitié du territoire national, sont originaires du nord. Beaucoup de ces cancers sont dûs aux effets des gaz utilisés, du temps d’Abdelkrim El Khattabi, par l’armée espagnole. Quand on sait que 70 % des cancéreux du nord ne vont pas consulter, faute de moyens ou d’information, et que des centaines d’hectares entre Nador et Al-Hoceima ont été définitivement empoisonnés, on se rend compte de l’ampleur du phénomène". L’association, qui entend saisir le roi et le Premier ministre pour obtenir le "mea culpa de l’Espagne", n’exclut pas la possibilité de recourir au tribunal européen des droits de l’homme, basé au Luxembourg.

THE USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN THE RIF
During the twenties, Spain used large amounts of chemical weapons to fight back the Rif (northern Morocco) rebellion led by Abdelkrim El Khattabi. Until today, this action still affects greatly the health of the population, but the Moroccan Government opposes any attempts by the victims to discuss this matter publicly.
To mark the release of Sebastian Balfour's book: Deadly Embrace (Abrazo Mortal), which tells of this dark period of Moroccan history, Berberworld.com offers extracts from the book (in the original English version, or in Spanish), as well as links to many various related media articles.

http://www.mondeberbere.com/histoire/gazrif/livre-en.htm

Spanish parliament refuses to discuss Spain's use of chemical weapons during Rif war in Morocco

The Spanish parliament refused on Wednesday to subscribe to a bill acknowledging the use by Spain of chemical weapons against the civil populations during the Rif war (north of Morocco, 1921-1927) and providing for indemnities to the victims or their descendants.

The bill was rejected by 33 voices from the Socialist Labor Party (PSOE, in government) and the opposition Popular Party (PP, right) which form the majority in the Spanish parliament.

Initiated by the Catalan party of the Republican Left (ERC), the bill which was presented on Wednesday to the lower house, invited Spain to acknowledge the "systematic" use of chemical weapons against the population of the Rif mountains, while these weapons were prohibited by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.

The bill was advocated by three deputies of the ERC, the United Left and the Nationalist Basque Party represented in the commission of institutional affairs, which considered the bill.

The instigator of the initiative, spokesman for ERC, Joan Tarda deplored that this initiative was refuted outright, deeming this to be a missed occasion for "reconciliation and brotherhood between the two shores of the Mediterranean."

"Whoever wants to sell their democratic example should ask for the forgiveness of the Rif populations and that of the authorities so as to send a positive message aimed to reinforce the democratic transition in Morocco."

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Chronology

Strictly speaking the Rif War lasted from 1921 to 1927, however, for convenience I include the preceding conflicts as well.

http://img337.imageshack.us/img337/7364/1928europeansandmoroccanf0.jpg (http://imageshack.us)
1928 europeans and moroccans

1904

In October the French and British agree to let the French take control of Morocco as long as the coast facing Gibraltar was in weaker Spanish hands. In November the French and Spanish governments agree that the the Mediterranean coast of Morocco is a Spanish zone of influence. In practice this makes little difference as the Spanish remain in their five fortified towns. The French continue their own westward push into Morocco south of the Spanish Zone.

1909 - 1910

On 9 Jul 1909 six European railway workers are killed by Riffi tribesmen. And as a result the Melillan garrison is increased from 5,000 men to 22,000 in preparation for an offensive. The Spanish army are untrained, ill-equipped, and devoid of basic maps, however, by Jan 1910 the Spanish have subdued some of the more easterly tribes, and pushed out their Melilla enclave to encompass the area from Cape Tres Forcas to the southern inlets of Mar Chica. However, this was achieved at the cost of 2,517 casualties. All the Spanish forces involved were Spanish conscripts; at this stage Spain had neither professional troops, nor indigenous troops under arms.

1911

Dámaso Berenguer founds the first unit of Regulares (indigenous troops commanded by Spanish officers) as a result of studying native units in French employ.

http://img337.imageshack.us/img337/3134/1913regulares7jj1pp0.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

1913 regulares

1912

Both Millán Astray and Francisco Franco arrive in Melilla. In the years leading up to 1920, both men make their names leading Regulares in the Moroccan campaigns.

Jun 1911 - Jun 1912

In 1911 Spanish forces start venturing into the hinterland to establish authority over the kabyles (tribes) of Yebala, Gomara, and the Rif Mountains. In June the Spanish seize Larache and Alcázarqivir. Officially this is in the interests of the Sultan of Morocco, but it is really to establish Spanish authority. On 24 August the whole Melillan sector was plunged into war when Riffi under El Mizzian attacked a cartographic detachment of the General Staff under Major Molina. The war drags on into 1912 partly due to the Spanish publics opposition to offensive action. The war comes to a close when El Mizzian is killed in a minor skirmish in late spring, and by mid-June most of the eastern tribes have signed peace treaties.

14 Nov 1912

The French and Spanish sign a treaty making Spanish Morocco a protectorate.

May 1913 - Jul 1915

The Spanish attempt to suppress El Raisuni - a local tyrant, cattle rustler, extortionist, and generally bad guy based in the Jibala in western Morocco. El Raisuni mobilises his forces in April/May 1913, and the Spanish (including the Regulares) respond by conducting several operations to impose their authority.

1 Feb 1914

Battle at Beni Salem on the outskirts of Tetuán. Franco is promoted to captain as a result.
Jul 1915 - Nov 1918
The Spanish adopt a strategy of temporization against El Raisuni, putting diplomacy before armed might. This is partly due to WWI.

29 Jun 1916

Spanish forces take the mountain top village of El Biutz six miles to the west of Ceuta. The rebels had been massing in the hills, and El Biutz was their main stronghold as it dominated the road from Ceuta to Tetuán. Although the village is defended by entrenched machine guns and riflemen, the Spanish launch a frontal assault up the hill lead by the 2nd Tabor of Melilla. As the attack progresses more Tribesmen pour down the back of the hill behind the Spanish catching them in a cross fire. The Spanish forces take heavy casualties, including the commander of the leading company of Regulares. Captain Francisco Franco assumes command of this company, breaks through the enemy encirclement and plays a significant part in taking the village. Sometime during the action Franco is shot in the stomach, but continues to direct his men. Franco is promoted to Major as a result and hence posted back to Spain.

Mar 1919

Spanish occupy Alcazarseguir on 21 March. El Raisuni, reacting to the new aggressive stance of the Spanish authorities, breaks off communications and recommences guerilla war by attacking Spanish supply convoys.

Aug 1919

Upon the death of General Gómez Jordana, Dámaso Berenguer, now a General, returns to Morocco as High Commissioner for the Protectorate.

End of Sep 1919

The Spanish occupy Fondak fort on the Tangier-Tetuán road in the western zone.
In the eastern zone, the Spanish under Luis Aizpuru push their front out to a line from the mouth of the Kert River to Zoco del Telata.

7 - 27 Oct 1919

Millán Astray studies the French Foreign Legion at Tlemcen and Sidi bel Abbés with a view to creating a Spanish equivalent.

Early 1920

In the western zone, the Spanish penetrate the rugged uplands south of Tetuán.
In the east, the cautious Aizpuru is replaced in January by Gen. Manuel Fernández Silvestre, a man known to rely more on 'cojones' ('balls') than military acumen. Silvestre undertakes a series of spectacular advances.

4 Sep 1920

A Royal Order authorises the formation of the 'Tercio de Extranjeros' ('Regiment of Foreigners') - known popularly as 'La Legion'. Millán Astray commands, and Francisco Franco is his second in command.

http://img443.imageshack.us/img443/2605/millanastray14hr1ib3.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

14 Oct 1920

Three Spanish columns take Xaüen. Viewed as a holy city by the Berbers, Xaüen was also El Raisuni's major city. Tucked into a deep gorge, the historic fortified redoubt was had been viewed as unconquerable. The city is taken largely because of a military Arabist, Colonel Alberto Castro Girona. Girona enters the city disguised as a charcoal burner, then bribes and threatens the local notables into surrender.

Late Oct 1920

After taking Xaüen, the Spanish forces move east along the Gomara coast, leaving a strong policing force to guard the Tetuán-Xaüen road. Franco and the Legion are amongst the guards.

7 Jan 1921

The Legion fights its first battle. The 2nd company is attacked and Balthasar Queija Vega becomes the first Legionary to die in combat.

16 Jan 1921

The Legion experiences its first significant fight. The 4th company of 2nd Bandera is attacked when guarding the road between Zoco el Arbaa and Xarquia Xeruta; the captain, Don Pompilio Martinez Zaldivar, is killed. In response, the 5th and 6th companies decimate the enemy and drive them off.

17 Feb 1921

Silvestre takes Monte Arruit in preparation for advancing across the Amekran River. Silvestre laughs in response to Abd-el-Krim's warning that if Silvestre crosses the Amekran the tribes would resist in force.

1 Jun 1921

Major Jesús Villar sets up a fortified post at Abarrán, five kilometers west of Annual in the eastern zone. Villar leaves 200 Regulares and 50 Spanish (including two captains and a lieutenant) to defend the post. By mid-afternoon 1,000 Riffi, in two groups, had surrounded the post. One of the Regulares fired ten shots as a signal to the rebels within and without the fort to attack. 179 loyal troops are killed in the fighting, including the officers; the survivors are forced to retreat to Buy Meyah.
(The post was likely to have been a triangle of blockhouses. Spanish blockhouses of the time were 6 m by 4 m wooden structures, with sandbags 1.5 m up the walls, and a corrugated iron roof. They were surrounded by 3 or 4 strands of barbed wire. A typical blockhouse garrison was 21 men, and these had to be provisioned by armed convoys.)

27 Jun 1921

The 1st and 3rd Banderas fight off rebel bands at the hill positions of 'Muñoz Crespo' and Buharrat. The Legion suffers 13 dead (including one officer) and 27 wounded. The Legionaries are part of Colonel Castro Girona's column whose task is to establish a line of blockhouses between Xaüen and Uad Lau.

29 Jun 1921
Gen. Berenguer's forces finish surrounding El Raisuni's stronghold at Tazarut in the western zone. The blockhouses form a line between Xaüen and Uad Lau, and a line between Xaüen and Alcazarquivir.

8 - 14 July 1921

Abd-el-Krim directs Riffi insurgents to increase harassment of Silvestre's lines.

16 July 1921
Riffi attack the advance posts of Igueriben and Buy Meyan in the eastern zone.

17 July 1921

The Riffi attack all along Silvestre's line - particularly at Igueriben. All efforts to relieve Igueriben fail.

21 Jul 1921

Silvestre arrives at Annual with reinforcements. Late in the afternoon he organises a relief column for Igueriben (4,000 men). Twice Silvestre leads cavalry charges toward the besieged outpost, but is driven back by Riffi artillery and machineguns (captured from the Spanish at Abarrán). Silvestre orders the evacuation of Igueriben, but only two of the defenders make it out.

http://img141.imageshack.us/img141/2860/1923legionariesatdardarmb8.jpg (http://imageshack.us)
1923 legionaries at dardarius

22 - 23 Jul 1921

At 10 am on 22 Jul 1921 Silvestre orders the retreat from Annual. The withdrawal soon becomes a rout and the Spanish army of 14,000 men is destroyed by only 3,000 Riffi under Abd-el-Krim.
By evening of 23 Jul Abd-el-Krim's men have occupied the crests of the Gurugú Mountain overlooking Melilla. Behind them scattered Spanish forces make desperate stands against the victorious tribesmen. It takes 3 weeks for the Riffi to take all the isolated outposts. There are major massacres at outposts near Melilla, Dar Drius, Monte Arruit (9 Aug) and Nador (2 Aug). The Spanish suffer 13,192 casualties over three weeks, including 8,000 dead and hundreds captured . Silvestre is one of the dead.
In the western zone the planned assault on Tazarut is called off so the Legion reinforcements can be sent to the east.

24 Jul 1921

Civilian morale at Melilla is boosted when the 1st and 2nd Banderas of the Legion arrive. The Legion occupy defensive positions in the suburbs.

25 Jul 1921

Reinforced by two tabors of Regulares of Ceuta, the Legion occupy the hills of Sidi Hamed and the Atalyón. Three Spanish Infantry Battalions take over garrison duty in Melilla.
Over the next few weeks the Legion fight several actions against the Riffi tribesmen, either defending their sandbagged blockhouses, or escorting pack-mules to the forward positions.

2 Aug 1921

From his position in the outskirts of Melilla, Franco watches the last Spanish defenders of Nador being overcome. His request to relieve the siege had been denied.

9 Aug 1921

Monte Arruit falls to the Riffi.

8 Sep 1921

A large Spanish convoy is blocked trying to reach a strongpoint at Casabona. Franco leads the 2nd Bandera, two companies of the 1st, and two tabors of Rgulares of Ceuta against the Riffi tribesmen entrenched in positions dominating the road. Bayonet charges and close quarter fighting are the order of the day. The Legion suffers 90 casualties and the Riffi 100.

14 Sep 1921

Men from an army Disciplinary Battalion relieve the defenders of the blockhouse at Dar Hamed, known as 'El Malo' ('the bad one').

15 Sep 1921

The Rif surround Dar Hamed. Artillery fire wounds the Spanish officer in charge of the blockhouse, and kills several men.
15 volunteers (under Corporal Seceso Terroro) from the 1st Bandera on Atalayón reach the blockhouse as darkness falls. The Rif attack again, but are held by the Legionaries' rifle fire and grenades. Toward midnight the Riffi bring up their artillery and pound the blockhouse into rubble - there are no survivors.

http://img141.imageshack.us/img141/3271/corporalsecesoterrorosmnq9.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

17 Sep 1921

The Spanish launch a major attack against Nador, ten miles to the south of Melilla. At 7 am the 1st and 2nd Banderas, the Regulares of Ceuta, and three Spanish Infantry Battalions advance from Side Hamed. The Spanish suffer fire from Riffi artillery on Gurugú Mountain, but the Riffi positions are bombarded by a more impressive Spanish array including plans, artillery, and the guns of the offshore fleet. Riffi machine gun and rifle fire halts the advance at the Amadi gorge. Millán Astray is wounded in the chest and evacuated. Franco leads the 1st and 2nd Banderas along the heights above the gorge. Although exposed to heavy fire the Legion clear the gorge edge of tribesmen as far as Monte Arbós. The two Banderas suffer 33 casualties.

18 Sep 1921

The Legion enters Nador where mutilated Spanish corpses have littered the town since the Disaster of Annual - the smell is appalling. The Legionaries spend the next six days burying the dead

http://img78.imageshack.us/img78/8244/spanishcorpsesatmontearhc0.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

2 Oct 1921

Franco with the 1st and 2nd Banderas and the Regulares of Ceuta successfully assault ravines and trenches at Sebt. The Legion suffer 150 casualties. Franco and his men are the vanguard of Gen. Berenguer's new westward offensive toward the River Kert (Gen Sanjurjo is the operational commander).

5 Oct 1921

Sanjurjo's column take Atlatlen.

8 Oct 1921

Heavy fighting on the crests of Gurugú Mountain were the Legion suffer 121 casualties.

23 Oct 1921

In the western zone, the new 4th Bandera conduct bayonet charges against rebel 'harkas' (bands) around Monte Magán.

24 Oct 1921

The Legion occupies Monte Arruit in the eastern zone. They have to bury the corpses of the 800 Spanish that tried to make a stand here during the retreat from Annual in July.

28 Oct 1921

More bayonet charges by the 4th Bandera at Monte Magán. The suffer a total of 72 dead and 212 wounded during the fighting of 23 and 28 Oct.

10 Nov 1921

Millán Astray arrives back in Ceuta (western zone) although his chest wound hasn't fully healed. In conjunction with larger Spanish columns, he spends the next couple of months he leading the 3rd, 4th and new 5th Banderas in operations in the Beni Arós and Yebala regions.

18 Nov 1921

Back in the eastern zone, the 1st and 2nd Banderas, with some native police, scale a steep ravine and take the old forts on Uisán Mountain. As the weather deteriorates over the next few days, operations are extended to Ras Medua, Tauriat Hamed and El Harcha.

http://img141.imageshack.us/img141/215/francoand1stbanderaat20ai5.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

8 Jan 1922

Dar Drius - an important rail depot in the eastern zone - is captured.

10 Jan 1922

During a retreat from Dráa el Asef in the western zone, Millán Astray is wounded in the leg and evacuated again. This retreat is also notable for an incident where the 8th Company of the Legion (in the 3rd Bandera) resort to knife work when fighting off ten times their own numbers.

Mid Jan 1922

After attacks by Riffi, the Legionary defenders of a blockhouse near Dar Drius appeal for help to the Spanish commander of the village. The officer orders his entire Legionary contingent to the rescue. Major Franco decides that 12 is enough and calls for volunteers. When the entire unit steps forward, Franco chooses 12 and they make their way to the blockhouse. After a night of fierce fighting Franco and the 12 volunteers return carrying the bloody heads of 12 tribesmen.

14 Feb 1922

Millán Astray arrives at the Legion camp at Dar Drius.

Mid-March 1922

Gen. Berenguer resumes operations against the Beni Said and Beni Ulixech in the eastern zone.

18 Mar 1922

Millán Astray leads the 1st and 2nd Banderas on an advance on Ambar. The Legion suffers 86 casualties during fierce but unsuccessful counter-attacks by the rebels.

12 May 1922

After months of manning outposts and escorting convoys the 3rd and 5th Banderas join the final occupation of Tazarut - El Raisuni's stronghold, although the man himself escapes

http://img411.imageshack.us/img411/4664/packmulessmall6ni1lt0.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

26 Oct 1922

After considerable opposition, the Spanish take Tizzi Azza. This is a fortified hill top position to the south of Annual in the eastern zone.

Start of Nov 1922

The Rif preempt a Spanish attack based at Tizzi Azza by taking the dominating heights above the town and firing down into the garrison. They force the Spanish to dig in for the winter, and inflict 2000 casualties over the course of the siege.

13 Nov 1922

Lt. Col. Rafael de Valenzuela Urzais replaces Millán Astray as commander of the Legion.

17 Jan 1923

At his own request Franco leaves the Legion for a posting back to his old regiment in Oviedo.

27 Jan 1923

Acting against the wishes of the army, the Spanish government pays Abd-el-Krim for the return of the prisoners taken at Annual in Jul-Aug 1921. The 45 officers (including the second in command, General Navarro), 245 soldiers, and 40 civilians cost the Spanish people 4,270,000 pesetas.

5 Jun 1923

A Spanish supply convoy leaves Tafersit for the outpost at Tizzi Asa (besieged since November the previous year). Col. Gómez Morato commands the column, while Lt. Col. Valenzuela leads the vanguard (1st, 2nd and 4th Banderas, and a Tabor of Regulares). Fire from entrenched tribesmen halts the Regulares at Iguermisen ravine. With Legion machineguns pinning the rebel harka in place, the 1st and 2nd Banderas attack the right flank and the 4th to the left. Morato on the extreme right orders a general attack. Valenzuela sends the 1st and 2nd Banderas charging up the slope toward the enemy entrenchments. During the grenade and bayonet work amongst the trenches, Valenzuela and his escort are shot down. The scattered Legionaries rally to their nearest officer and drive the Riffi from the trenches. Legion casualties are 186 including the dead Valenzuela.

8 Jun 1923

Lt. Col. Franco given command of the Legion.

2 Aug 1923

In the relief of the Tifaruin outpost (besieged by 9,000 Riffi), near the mouth of the river Kert, Franco leads the 1st and 2nd Banderas in a wide flanking movement to the right of the the enemy entrenchments. His attack on the Riffi flank and rear allows the Regualres of Alhucemas and Melilla to break through to Tifaruin.

12 - 15 Sep 1923

Gen. Miguel Primo de Rivera conducts a successful coup d'état in Spain.

25 Feb 1924 - Jun 1924

Franco leads his Banderas in numerous operations to open up the supply routes to Tizzi Asa, Sidi Mesaud, and other outposts.
Abd-el-Krim lead an offensive against Sidi Mesaud about the time Sanjurjo took over command in Melilla. The attack was driven back by Franco and the Legion.
By June Abd-el-Krim (now the self proclaimed Emir of the Rif) has the support of Beni Hassan, Beni Hosmar and many others in the western zone. He has 80,000 men in arms. They are well supplied with weapons and ammunition including 200 artillery pieces.

20 Aug 1924

The Spanish begin withdrawing from the Lau sector of the western zone. This is the first step in evacuating the 400 exposed outposts in the three most threatened sectors: the Lau valley, the Tetuán-Xaüen road, and the gorges of the Beni Arós. The troops are to withdraw to the more defensible coastal fringes. Abd-el-Krim steps up his attacks as the Spanish withdraw

http://img401.imageshack.us/img401/4746/1923legionariesatdardartg9.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

5 - 21 Sep 1924

By 5 Sep the Abd-el-Krim's harkas control the Gorgues Mountains to the south-east of Tetuán. 10,000 Spanish soldiers (including the 6th Bandera) are surrounded in the Xaüen district, mainly in the city itself.
Spanish columns including Banderas 2 through 5, spend September clearing the enemy from their positions in the Gorgues Mountains, thus opening the road to Xaüen.

23 Sep - 2 Oct 1924

On 23 Sep two Spanish column leave Tetuán for Xaüen. Gen. Serrano's column reaches Xaüen on 30 Sep after fierce fighting. Gen. Castro Girona arrives on 2 Oct. The 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th Banderas form the vanguard of these columns.

2 Oct - 14 Nov 1924

Legionaries and Regulares evacuate the Spanish personnel from the 100 outposts around Xaüen. All Spanish forces are concentrated in the city itself.

16 Oct 1924
General Primo de Rivera, the Spanish dictator, names himself High Commissioner of Morocco.
All Spanish forces have been successfully withdrawn from the Beni Arós sector. The 2nd Bandera were responsible for protecting the withdrawal.

21 Oct 1924

Millán Astray, now on the staff of the High Commission, has his left arm shattered in an action near Fondak fortress. The arm subsequently has to be removed.

15 Nov - 13 Dec 1924

All Spanish troops and civilians (along with some Jewish and Moroccan civilians) evacuate Xaüen covered by Franco with five Banderas of the Legion. The Beni Urriaguel attack the flanks of the retreating columns. Once again the Spanish are organised in two columns under Generals Serrano and Girona.

17 - 19 Nov 1924

Just after midnight on 17 Nov Franco silently pulls his rearguard out of Xaüen, leaving straw dummies in Legionary uniforms to man the walls. The legionaries protect the retreating columns in appalling weather conditions against heavy attacks. Capt. Arredondo's 1st company (of the 1st Bandera) is completely wiped out when covering the withdrawal from Xeruta.
Abd-el-Krim captures El Raisuni in Xaüen.
Gen. Serrano is killed about 19 Nov, and the Spanish are consolidated into one column at Zoco el Arbaa.

19 Nov - 10 Dec 1924

The Spanish at Zoco el Arbaa are surrounded for three weeks, but break out on 10 Dec.

11 - 12 Dec 1924

Still protected from heavy attack by the legionary rearguard, the Spanish column limps into Tetuán. Legion casualties in the entire retreat are about 1,000; the rest of the column experienced a similar number of casualties.

9 Apr - Jun 1925

Abd-el-Krim attacks French positions along the Uarga River with five harka. By June more than 3,000 French troops are dead or missing, and two thirds of the French advanced posts have been captured. The Riffi reach within 20 miles of Fez.

28 Aug 1925

Marshal Pétain (of Verdun fame) launches an offensive along the Uarga River with 160,000 French troops. This is part of a combined Franco-Spanish operation that will also involve 75,000 Spanish troops.

3 - 13 Sep 1925

In an effort to divert the allies, Abd-el-Krim besieges the fort at Cudia Tahar in the Gorgues mountains. By 8 Sep 176 of the 200 man garrison are dead. On 10 Sep a relief column under Gen Sousa sets out, and after hard fighting relieve the fort on 13 Sep. The relief is spearheaded by the 2nd and 3rd Banderas who suffer 144 casualties during the operation.

8 Sep 1925

The Ceuta column under Gen. Saro lands on the beaches at Alhucemas Bay. At 6.30 am 50 Spanish and French naval vessels start pounding the 20 Riffi batteries entrenched in positions overlooking the beaches. At 8.30 am 76 aircraft join the attack. By 11 am tugs and gun boats are towing the Spanish landing craft toward the beaches. 8,000 men, three batteries and 10 tanks fill the WWI vintage landing craft. At 1000 yards the landing craft cast off and proceed alone. Riffi artillery pound the Spanish landing craft as they approach, and Riffian machinegun and rifle fire starting taking their toll when the Spanish are 50 yards out from the beach .
Franco commands the mixed Legionary, Moroccan, and Spanish Regular force in the first line. His men leap into the water and wade ashore when the landing craft ground. Franco quickly orders an assault on the enemy positions on two hills overlooking the beach (El Fraile and Morro Nuevo). The native police of Larache (Mehal-la) attack in the centre; the 6th and 7th Banderas attack on the left, and a harka of Moroccan irregulars attacks on the right. The Legionaries take the entrenched artillery position at bayonet point, and by 3 pm, still suffering heavy Riffi bombardment, Franco's men are digging in. Total Spanish losses in the initial landings come to 144.

20 Sep 1925

Despite repeated Riffi counter-attacks 15,000 Spanish troops have been landed at Alhucemas Bay by 20 Sep.

23 Sep 1925

At 6.20 am, under cover of an air and artillery barrage, Major Muñez Grandes leads the Riffi irregulars and two Bandera (6th and 7th) against prepared rebel positions (including minefields and trenches) on the left of the Spanish beachhead. Easily clearing the first enemy lines, the Spanish force assault the heights of Monte Malmusi at 10.45 am. They suffer 215 casualties but by the morning of 24 Sep they have cleared the tribesmen from trenches and caves on the mountain. The clearances involve heavy use of mortars, grenades, bayonets and knives.
Meanwhile, to the east of the beachhead, the 2nd and 3rd Banderas take the heights of Morro Viejo and lower Malmusi.

30 Sep 1925

As part of a general Riffi retreat, the heights of Monte Palomas, Cónico and Buyibar fall to the Spanish.

22 Oct 1925

Spanish troops capture and set fire to Axdir - Abd-el-Krim's capital.

8 Oct 1925

French and Spanish forces meet at Zoco el Telata.

9 Feb 1926
Franco is promoted to Brigadier-General. Millán Astray replaces him as commander of the Legion.

4 Mar 1926

Millán Astray is shot in the face while supervising the 8th Bandera fortify a hilltop in the Gorgues mountains. He is evacuated (again). He loses his right eye, and is badly scarred as a result.

15 Apr 1926

325,000 French troops launch their spring offensive against Abd-el-Krim's remaining 40 kabyles.

8 - 10 May 1926

140,000 Spanish troops join the offensive. They advance south against 12,000 predominantly Beni Urriaguel tribesmen defending the central Rif. Legionaires (1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 7th, and 8th Banderas), Regulares, Mehal-la and Spanish Regulars defeat the Riffi in battles on and around the heights of Loma de los Morabos.

27 May 1926

Abd-el-Krim surrenders to French troops at Targuist and is subsequently exiled to Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean.

28 May 1926

Millán Astray rejoins the Legion at Dar Riffien.

Jun - Dec 1926
Pacification operations against kabyles.

http://img86.imageshack.us/img86/618/19211stand2ndbanderas6euv5.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

Mar - Jun 1927

The Ketama kabyle and their allies revolt in the Rif. They are pacified by June.

18 Jun 1927

Millán Astray promoted to Brigadier General and leaves the Legion for good.

10 Jul 1927

The 7th Bandera occupies Bab Tazza in Gomara and the Spanish Protectorate is declared pacified

http://img87.imageshack.us/img87/6430/etatmajorabdelkrim6sc1wh6.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

http://img87.imageshack.us/img87/74/goedklemeb01mh2.png (http://imageshack.us)

http://img403.imageshack.us/img403/8096/histoire14as1hn8.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

http://img403.imageshack.us/img403/3088/boek4rz1rh1.jpg (http://imageshack.us)

What is funny, is that they also wanted to create a microscopic state in northern Morocco like what they wanted to do in the south :lol:

Five Riffans note

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/5_Riffans_Note.gif

Flaf of the "Rif Republic"

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png

If you think we are so bad, create this in the itnernational forums.

Morocco will never give the Rif independence because that is the
end of the Moroccan economy.

Facts:

70% of alle the money on the Bank Populaire in Morocco is in the Rif (Nador in 2001: 35,17%, Alhoceima 33%.)Only 10% is in Casablanca..

The Riff people send every year billions to Morocco. The Riff people have send since they are in Europa more to 300 billion dollar to Morocco!!!!

That is the money where Morocco is build on...

What is funny, is that they also wanted to create a microscopic state in northern Morocco like what they wanted to do in the south :lol:

Five Riffans note

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/5_Riffans_Note.gif

Flaf of the "Rif Republic"

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Rif.svg.png


If the Rif became an indepence state it will be the richest country of Africa..:cheers:

Well, two things about this thread strike me as a little odd.

1) Was it really a genocide? Does anyone else in the world consider it?

2) It was the 1920's. Sadly, the whole world over, it was considered acceptable to target civilians. For example, Dresden was so severely attacked by Allied forces that the heat melted asphalt. More famously, hundreds of thousands of people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki died.

However, these attacks I would not consider genocide.

We must not be careful to label every atrocity as genocide. Because then, it loses its meaning.

:yes:

1) Was it really a genocide? Does anyone else in the world consider it?
-> Catalans themselves recognise it, but not the central gov. of Spain.

However, these attacks I would not consider genocide.
-> Did you read the precedent posts? And after reading do you consider that it wasn't a genocide? omg! after that "ppl wanna teach us what's democracy and human rights"

:ohno:

It is actually stupid, hipocrit and useless to say sorry for something we didn't make. If Spanish population was doing apology to the dead of that people, yes, goverment shoud say sorry. But hell, in 1920 not even my grandfather was alive. Why should a I say sorry for something people I did not even met did during a war fight? Some catalans might be saying we should say sorry, but actually, SOME catalans handle whatever thing just to "attack" central goverment.

As I say, create this poll in the international forum if you think we are so wrong. Creating this poll in the moroccoan thread is quite nonsense. Just a way of bashing Spain then.

Anyway, Morrocco should be paying more attention to what it's doing and say sorry for its own acts.

we're not asking spanish ppl to apologize, but we ask the governement (= the nation of spain) to apologize... it will be so easy to say that lambda didn't do that so we don't have to apologize at all, but sorry, ur government has to apologize the same way turkish gov has to apologize for armenian genocide... history can't be erased that way!

http://www.emarrakech.info/L-Espagne-et-ses-bombes-toxiques-sur-le-Rif_a15270.html

Cet article aborde une question encore très sensible en Espagne. C'est un des rares articles équilibrés publiés dans la presse espagnole traitant de cette question des armes chimiques utilisées pendant la guerre du Rif. Son importance réside dans le fait qu'il est publié à une semaine de la visite du chef du gouvernement espagnol, le socialiste José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, au Maroc et dans un journal (El Mundo) de référence en Espagne et proche de la droite espagnole. Celle-ci, en quelque sorte la gardienne de l'héritage franquiste, a souvent été réticente quant au traitement de cette question publiquement à cause de la sensibilité qu'elle présente encore dans certains milieux de l'opinion publique espagnole.

L'Espagne et ses bombes
toxiques sur le Rif

-L'Espagne et la France ont aspergé de gaz moutarde les souks et les villages du Rif
-L'Espagne a utilisé les armes chimiques pour se venger du désastre d'Anoual
-Abdelkrim combattait à la fois l'Espagne, la France et le Makhzen
-Hassan II a largué des bombes au Napalm sur les villages rifains
-L'Etat marocain ne veut pas enquêter sur l'impact de ces armes chimiques


Amanda Figueras (article publié dans El Mundo, samedi 05/07/2008) - Pendant la célèbre guerre du Rif (1921-1927), l'Espagne a utilisé les armes chimiques comme le phosgène, le diphosgène, la chloropicrine et surtout le gaz moutarde (l'ypérite), contre les populations civiles du nord du Maroc. De nombreux historiens l'affirment et les gouvernements espagnols successifs ne l'ont jamais nié ni reconnu d'une manière explicite.

Les bombes chargées de gaz toxiques - interdites par le Traité de Versailles de 1919- étaient identifiées par la lettre « C ». Les plus utilisées en 1924 furent les C-1 et C-2 (chargées respectivement de 50 et 10 kg d'ypérite), mais à partir de 1925 ils ont lancé d'autres modèles comme la C-5 (chargée de 20 kg de gaz moutarde), la C-3 (chargée de 26 kg de phosgène) et la C-4 (chargée de 10 kg de chloropicrine). Et d'après les archives du « Service Historique Militaire des Martyrs d'Alcala de Henares » certaines de ces bombes larguées sur le Rif ont été remplies également d'essence et de phosphore.

Entre 4 et 24 heures après l'exposition au gaz moutarde, il se produit sur n'importe quelle muqueuse avec laquelle il entre en contact, une irritation intense, un dessèchement et des ampoules. S'il est inhalé, ce gaz peut occasionner de graves dommages à la trachée, aux bronches et aux poumons et peut éventuellement conduire à la cécité s'il entre en contact directement avec les yeux. Il peut provoquer aussi des hémorragies internes qui entraînent souvent la mort.

« Qu'on n'oublie pas ce crime contre l'Humanité »

Après 80 ans, certains activistes remuent encore l'histoire pour que ce « crime contre l'Humanité » ne tombe pas dans l'oubli. Car il parait que les séquelles sont toujours visibles.

« Les Espagnols faisaient ce qu'ils voulaient. Je me souviens d'un enfant qui a respiré Arr-hajj (poison, en rifain) et qui en est mort » affirme Mohamed Salah Faragi. « Ma mère et mes sœurs toussaient jour et nuit, jusqu'à ce que ce poison les emporte. Mon frère est mort après avoir bu l'eau contaminée par ce poison. L'autre a perdu tous ses cheveux », explique Mohamed, âgé de 85 ans, surnommé « Santiago » par les Espagnols, « parce qu'il s'habillait en blanc », dit-il.

C'est l'expérience vécue de deux des derniers survivants que reprend le documentaire « Arrhash ou Arr-hâjj », réalisé par l'Espagnol Javier Rada et le Marocain Tarik El-Idrissi, qui sortira bientôt pour témoigner de cette tragédie .

Extrait du documentaire « Arrhach »

« Notre objectif est de témoigner sur une époque sombre de notre histoire afin d'éviter que ce crime ne disparaisse de nos mémoires avec la mort des derniers témoins qui ont vécu cette expérience douloureuse…D'un côté, nous refusons de reconnaître un crime que nous avons commis, nous-mêmes les Espagnols et…qu'on a toujours étouffé, et de l'autre côté, nous justifions d'autres guerres pour l'existence de supposées armes chimiques ailleurs », explique Rada.

L' « inassumable » ou l'inacceptable défaite

En 1912, grâce à un accord avec la France qui avait obtenu quelques mois auparavant la souveraineté sur le pays de la part du sultan Abdelhafid, l'Espagne a établi un Protectorat au nord du Maroc avec comme capitale la ville de Tétouan. Mais les Rifains ont refusé cet état de fait et commencèrent à s'organiser pour lui résister.

La résistance des Rifains était tellement forte à la fois contre l'occupation espagnole et l'autorité du Sultan Youssef ben Hassan (frère du sultan Abdelhafid et son successeur) soutenu par la France, que l'Espagne a dû envoyer jusqu'à 50.000 soldats pour se maintenir dans la région.

A partir de 1919 la révolte rifaine, menée par Abdelkrim Al-Khattabi, a pris de l'ampleur. En juillet 1921, les troupes espagnoles ont subi une grave défaite militaire face aux Rifains lors de la bataille d'Anoual, que les historiens espagnols appellent « le grand désastre d'Anoual ». Le Roi Alfonso XII, affaibli après cette défaite catastrophique qui a terni la grandeur de l'Espagne, voulait coûte que coûte se venger des Rifains et en découdre le plus rapidement possible avec leur révolte avant qu'elle ne contamine d'autres régions.

Pour en finir vite avec l'insurrection des Rifains, les autorités espagnoles ont sollicité alors l'appui des Allemands. Selon les chercheurs Rudibert Kunz et Rolf Dieter Müller, les Allemands ont recommandé aux Espagnols de bombarder au gaz moutarde les souks, les villages et les groupements d'habitations (Dhshar) de ceux qui soutenaient la guérilla d'Abdelkrim. D'abord, Berlin a fourni à l'Espagne des bombes chimiques prêtes à l'emploi, avant de lui montrer plus tard comment les fabriquer; et c'est la tâche qui est revenue à l'usine de La Marañosa (Tolède).

Depuis 2001, cette usine est devenue un « Institut Technologique » de recherche. Mais, de nombreux citoyens et militants pacifistes croient qu'elle continue à développer des recherches dans le domaine des armes chimiques, biologiques et nucléaires et militent pour sa fermeture définitive.

« Nous ne pouvons pas oublier ce crime contre l'humanité »




http://www.emarrakech.info/photo/703025-846990.jpg?v=1215705188



Le Rif, ravagé par la France, l'Espagne et Hassan II

Les Espagnols, eux aussi, ont subi à leur tour les effets de ce gaz moutarde. Car il paraît que parfois il est difficile d'éviter les fameux « dommages collatéraux » et « les feux amis » dans les situations de guerre. L'historien Juan Pando a affirmé dans une lettre au journal El Mundo que « les troupes espagnoles au sol sur les fronts ont elles aussi été atteintes par l'ypérite comme les troupes rifaines ». D'ailleurs, les officiels espagnols sont bien explicites sur le nombre et les noms des Espagnols gazés. Cet historien assure également « que l'ypérite a aussi été utilisé par l'aviation italienne en Libye ».

En février 2007, le parti populaire PP et le parti socialiste PSOE ont empêché la Commission Constitutionnelle du Congrès d'approuver une proposition de loi présentée par la gauche républicaine catalane ERC et soutenue par le parti national basque PNV et les écolo-socialistes IU-ICV qui recommandait au gouvernement espagnol de présenter des excuses aux Rifains pour ces actions militaires non-conventionnelles, de dédommager financièrement les victimes de ces gaz et leurs descendants et de doter les hôpitaux d'Al-Hoceima et de Nador d'unités d'oncologie pour le traitement du cancer, maladie très répandue dans Rif.

Le député Jorge Fernández Díaz du PP a refusé que l'Espagne « présente des excuses pour un prétendu crime contre l'humanité commis il y a 80 ans », en lançant ironiquement « Quand les citoyens apprendront que nous parlions du Rif au Congrès, ils ne sauront pas si nous nous référons à l'Hôtel Ritz ».

Quant au parti socialiste espagnol PSOE, représenté par son député José Luis Galache, il s'est excusé de ne pas pouvoir voter ce projet de loi, en prétextant que cela pourrait créer un « conflit diplomatique » avec le Maroc. José Luis Galache a ajouté « que les services sanitaires marocains n'ont pas pu démontrer la relation de cause à effet entre les bombardements chimiques et le nombre important de malades atteints du cancer dans le Rif », et a rappelé « que pendant les années 50 le roi Hassan II a également utilisé le napalm contre les populations rifaines ».

En effet, de nombreux témoignages affirment que le monarque marocain a bombardé les villages rifains de napalm pendant les évènements de 1958-59, ce que certains historiens appellent « la Deuxième Guerre du Rif ». Il a même désigné ses sujets du nord « d'Apaches, de contrebandiers…» et leur a fait savoir : « Qu'il est capable de liquider les deux tiers de la population marocaine pour que le reste puisse vivre tranquillement ». Après le tremblement de terre de février 2004, dans un geste d'apaisement envers ces populations du nord, son fils Mohamed VI a visité Al-Hoceima ville située à 9 km d'Ajdir, ancienne capitale de la République Rifaine autoproclamée par Abdelkrim.

Sebastián Balfour, Professeur Émérite des Études Contemporaines Espagnoles qui dépend de « London School of Economics and Political Science » de l'Université de Londres, a déclaré au journal El Mundo que « pour dédommager les populations du Rif…pour améliorer la situation économique de leur région, qui est restée à la traîne à cause de leurs soulèvements contre l'Espagne et le Maroc, il serait plus logique qu'il y est une action commune de ces deux Etats».

Il est difficile d'assumer la réalité sans preuves

Il n'existe pas de données fiables sur les relations (corrélation) de cause à effet des armes chimiques quant à la propagation des cancers au nord du Maroc. Juan Pando assure de son côté, que « l'ypérite n'est pas radioactif et ses séquelles même graves ne peuvent être transmises des parents aux enfants ». Par contre, Sebastián Balfour affirme, selon les chiffres de l'unique hôpital d'oncologie infantile au Maroc que « cette maladie est beaucoup plus répandue dans le nord que dans le reste du pays »; ce qui est une preuve suffisante sur la responsabilité directe de ces armes chimiques sur la dégradation de l'état de santé des populations de la région.

L'Association des Victimes des Gaz Toxiques dans le Rif accuse l'Etat marocain de ne pas vouloir enquêter et collecter les données sur l'impact de ces armes chimiques sur l'environnement et leurs effets sur l'état de santé des populations locales. Son président, Ilias Omari, dit avec ironie que « le gouvernement marocain est plus préoccupé par l'état des sardines que par notre santé ».

« L'Espagne a commis un crime dans le Rif. Elle nous a colonisé et aspergé de gaz et elle nous a enrôlé de force pour sa guerre civile » se plaint Sellam Teyeb du « Forum Espagnol Marocain pour la Mémoire Collective ». Et il avance que « la majorité des Marocains atteints du cancer du poumon sont originaires du Rif, d'après les statistiques sanitaires officielles ».

Il y a quelques années, au cours de la présentation du livre « Abrazo mortal = Accolade mortelle », de Balfour, l'ex-ministre de la défense espagnole, Narcís Serra, a déclaré que « pendant la guerre du Rif, le gouvernement espagnol a créé « une idée synthétique », une image artificielle du Maroc pour diaboliser l'ennemi et cela nous donne suffisamment de clés pour comprendre la situation actuelle ».

Références ajoutées par nos soins :

-Arr-hâjj "Arrash" (Poison, en rifain ) était le nom donné par les Rifains pour désigner ces armes chimiques.

-Le gaz moutarde, son nom vient d'une forme impure du gaz moutarde dont l'odeur ressemble à celle de la moutarde, de l'ail ou du raifort. Il est aussi nommé ypérite, dérivé du nom de la ville d'Ypres (Ieper) en Belgique.

C'est un composé chimique qui a été particulièrement utilisé comme arme chimique pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Sous sa forme pure et à température ambiante, c'est un liquide visqueux incolore et sans odeur qui provoque des cloques sur la peau. Sous forme de vapeurs, il attaque les yeux et les voies respiratoires ainsi que les muqueuses sensibles. Les yeux sont atteints avec une cécité temporaire et la peau en contact avec le produit devient enflammée.

Dispersé sous forme de particules, le gaz s'introduit dans le système respiratoire et détruit les muqueuses avec une détresse respiratoire. Les poumons sont atteints avec des emphysèmes et des œdèmes consécutifs à la présence de fluides qui peuvent entraîner une mort similaire à la noyade si la dose est très forte. À terme, le contaminé présente une anémie, une baisse de la résistance immunitaire et développe une prédisposition aux cancers. Les lésions des tissus mettent beaucoup de temps à guérir et s'apparentent à de sévères brûlures.

-Le phosgène, aussi nommé dichlorure de méthanoyle, oxychlorure de carbone ou dichlorure de carbonyle est un gaz très toxique à température ambiante, qui appartient à la classe des agents suffocants, comme le dichlore, le sulfure d'hydrogène ou le dibrome. Le phosgène fut synthétisé par le chimiste John Davy (1790-1868) en 1812. Ce gaz fut employé comme arme la première fois par l'armée française durant la Première Guerre mondiale, sous la direction du chimiste Victor Grignard en 1915. Plus tard, les Allemands, sous la direction de Fritz Haber, y ajoutèrent de petites quantités de dichlore afin d'en augmenter la toxicité à long terme. Le phosgène fut ainsi le responsable de la mort de plus de 100 000 gazés pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Au laboratoire, le phosgène gazeux a depuis longtemps été remplacé par le diphosgène (liquide) ou le triphosgène (cristallin).

-La chloropicrine est une substance active de produit phytosanitaire (ou produit phytopharmaceutique, ou pesticide), qui présente un effet fongicide, et qui appartient à la famille chimique des aliphatiques.

Chronologie de l'utilisation de ces armes chimiques dans les grands conflits :
• 1918, par les Allemands à Verdun et dans la Marne
• 1919, par les Britanniques en Afghanistan
• 1925, par la Grande-Bretagne au Kurdistan, par ordre de Winston Churchill
• 1925, par l'Espagne et la France pendant la guerre du Rif
• 1934-35, par l'Italie durant son occupation de l'Éthiopie
• 1934-44, par le Japon contre la Chine
• 1963-67, par l'Égypte au Yémen
• 1983-1988, par le régime de Saddam Hussein contre les populations kurdes
• Après la guerre du Golfe, plusieurs centaines de tonnes de gaz moutarde sont éliminées en Irak par l'UNSCOM.

http://www.emarrakech.info/photo/703025-846988.jpg?v=1215705188

Mohamed Salah Faragi superveviente Guerra RIF

THE AZERKAN LETTER

IN SEARCH OF PEACE.

early in july, 1923, when the summer campaign had already began, delegates of the spanish goverment and abdelkrim's representatives met on board a steamer off the rif coast to discuss terms of peace, no solution however was reached, but it is evident that both parties desired an entente, for on his return on july the 12 th to melilla the secretary-general of the spanish protectorate, senor diego saavedra , wrote to abdelkrim's chief delegate, si mohammed azerkan, stating that in reply to a letter he had found awaiting him, the spanish goverment was prepared to reopen negotiations, the secretary-general's letter took to some extent the form of an ultimatum and was recognized as such by abdelkrim.
this correspondence, of which abdelkrim forwarded me what purported to be arabic copies, clearly demonstrate the impasse which had been reached.

(translation)

15 july,1923.

praise be to god.
from the secretary general don diego saavedra to sid mohammed ben mohammed azerkan.
* * * * *
it is necessary to establish the points on which we shall negotiate, it must be as follows : there will be no negotiation or discussion that takes into consideration the independence of the rifian state or any mention of the treaty of 1912, it is possible to grant a kind of independence , economical and administrative, to the rifian tribes, and also to confirm the position and rank which si mohammed ben abdel krim el-khatabi (abdelkrim) enjoys at present, also that of governors of the tribes who rule under the supervision of the maghzen (sultan's goverment) and under the protection of the spanish goverment.
the negotiation shall be confined specially to the means of developing commerce, industry, and agriculture amongst the rifian tribes and to the granting to them of material and moral assistance by the maghzen and the protecting power.
if you agree to these conditions I beg you to send me a document signed by your chief (abdelkrim) and the final negotiations will take place.
finally, I beg you to consider me as being very desirous of bringing about a lasting peace and of removing all your doubts that we are trying to deceive you, we desire to act with you in good faith and to prevent bloodshed, it is our hope and wish that the Rif should progress in wealth and enlightenment , not in the interests of spain alone but also in those of the rifians themselves.
above all, I must inform you, by orders of the spanish goverment, that your reply to our terms must be in our hands WITHIN FORTY-EIGHT HOURS from the time that you receive this letter, I shall regret if you turn a deaf ear to propositions that are all to your benefit and if you refuse what is to your advantage, taking instead a road which will bring calamity upon you, if you continue in error, spain will adopt every means to put down this rebellion in a way that is less her choice than her duty to the civilized powers that entrusted her with this mission , if you are sincere in your expressed desire for peace, choose without hesitation the road that leads to rectitude and progress.
when you had duly considered these words, and when all suspicion is removed from your minds, send your reply, and may peace be upon all.

DIEGO SAAVEDRA

to this letter the 'foreign minister of the rifian government' replied on july the 24th as follows:

(TRANSLATION)

AJDIR (RIF),24 july, 1923
praise be to god.
from sid mohammed ben mohammed azerkan to senor diego saavedra,salutations and regards.
* * * * *
your letter resembles a final ultimatum, and as such its contents caused us much surprise.
being as I am the minister of foreign affairs to the rifian government I feel bound to inform you that our terms are as follows:
that the rifian government established upon modern ideas and on the principles of civilization, consider itself independent politically and economically - privileged to enjoy our freedom as we have enjoyed it for centuries and to live as other people live, we consider that we have the right to enjoy the possession of our territory in preference to any other nation, and we consider that the spanish colonial party have transgressed and violated our rights, and they have no justification for their pretence for a claim to make a protectorate of our rifian state, we have never recognized this protectorate, and we never shall recognize it, we refuse it once and for all, we desire to be our own rulers and to maintain and preserve our legal and undisputable rights.
we shall defend our independence by every means in our power, and we protest to the spanish nation and its intelligent people, who, we believe, do not dispute the legality of our demands.
we state - before the spanish colonial party sheds the blood of more of the children of spain in order to promote their private ambitions and their imaginary pretentions-that if only they will take count with their consciences they will realize they are greatly at fault , and that they have caused their country great losses through their colonial ambitions, (a policy) that is contrary to the spanish interests, let them remedy their error before it becomes still more entangled, we protest against the wicked actions of the colonial party, we protest to the civilized world and to humanity, we are in no way responsible for the blood that has been shed nor for the money that has been wasted.
we are surprised that you ignore the interests of spain herself in not making peace with the Rif by recognizing its independence, and thus keeping up neighbourly relations and stregthening the bonds of union with our rifian people, instead of infringing our rights, of humiliating our people, and ignoring all the humane and legal doctrines of universal law such as are contained in the treaty of versailles, which was drawn up after the great war.
this war taught mankind the penalty of ill-doing, of violation and of pride, and by it the world has learned also that no man is to be despised , and that it is a natural duty to leave every people to manage its own affairs, power and force fail before right, the treaty (of versailles) was drawn up by the chief men of great nations who had taken part in the war and and experieced its terrible consequences, in the end they could not fail to recognize the truth, and they gave to all nations, even the smallest, the rights of self-government, yet politicians have said that treaties are only ink upon paper and that power rests with the sword, but truth is truth, otherwise the world will remain always in trouble and in perplexity, peace will not come till every nation is at liberty to defend its rights, it would be no disgrace to spain if she were to live in peace with the rifians after recognizing our government and its independence, and thus increasing the common interests of the two countries, on the contrary, it would be a noble action and an honour to her, it would form a magnificent record in her history, and we rifian people are prepared to welcome a change (of policy) in the spanish colonial party, for their present attitude is unjust, we sincerely hope that the misunderstanding will be removed, the cause of it is due to the wrong methods that they adopt, to their violence and to their failure to look ahead or to appreciate the consequences that must ensue.

the rifian government will be truly sorry if the colonial party persist in its transgression and its tiranny. imagine yourselves to be the party that is being invaded, your homes in the hands of foreigners intent upon the possession of your property, would you submit to the invaders because they merely claimed certain rights and asserted their pretentions ? I think that you , and even your womenkind , would defend yourselves and refuse to accept the humiliation of submission,your history in this respect testifies for you that this is so, know that the rif and all its people are ready to die and, believe me, they will die in the cause of truth, they will defend their honour to the last, and nothing will shake their determination unless the spanish colonial party will abandon its wicked motives - otherwise the rifians will die to a man.
I must declare once and for all that the rif will not change its attitude, nor give up the principles upon which we act - that is to say, we will not reopen negotiations for peace exept upon the condition of the recognition by spain of the INDEPENDENCE OF THE RIF.

mohammed ben mohammed azerkan .




france, spain and the rif by walter b. harris 1927

.................................................. .................................................. .

Is Rif so rich as i've read? why? the only important city is Tetouan, isn't it?

Is Rif so rich as i've read? why? the only important city is Tetouan, isn't it?

mmm tetuan is not so important as tanja or nador

stick to topic

it was a criminal genocide ...

but spain shouldn't say sorry because the morrocans occupet and kill a lot o spanish ( andalucia )
so it's equal now

so many nations / groups / races should say they are sorry but it will not happen million of people were killed that is horrible

it was a criminal genocide ...

but spain shouldn't say sorry because the morrocans occupet and kill a lot o spanish ( andalucia )
so it's equal now

But see, the difference is that the Umayyad Empire which was based of Damascus and that was responsible for the decision to invade Andalusia doesn't exist anymore. But the Spanish monarchy which was in charge during the Riffan Genocide is still head of state. Juan Carlos, the Spanish King is the grandson of King Alfonso who oversaw the Rif War.

Why does the title of the thread read "Spanish Regulares"?

But see, the difference is that the Umayyad Empire which was based of Damascus and that was responsible for the decision to invade Andalusia doesn't exist anymore. But the Spanish monarchy which was in charge during the Riffan Genocide is still head of state. Juan Carlos, the Spanish King is the grandson of King Alfonso who oversaw the Rif War.

Why does the title of the thread read "Spanish Regulares"?

good point! it should have been "the spanish state".

"spanish regulares" gives the mistaken impression that the ordinary people of spain ,were responsible for the actions of their government !:nuts:

I want italians to say sorry because they killed thousands of spaniards yeeeea! also french people to kill so many people in the napoleonic empire, and of course english people in the same time, and people of iran because they invaded spain and killed a lot of spaniards, and why not russians? they came to spain after the roman spain and invaded the country killing many people, there are so many things..
it's the first time i notice this story, nobody in Spain know anything about it, but of course if it's true it has't to happen again, i think you should look for those who killed that people and ask for them to say sorry, they did it, so they have to ..

Une association Andalouse et le Syndicat CGT espagnol viennent d’envoyer au juge Garzon un listing de 22.252 marocains exterminés lors de la guerre civile en Espagne (1936-1939). Ces crimes ont été perpétrés en Andalousie, Extremadura, Ceuta et Mellilia. 700 dans la seule ville de Grenade et 262 à Ceuta.

http://www.lagazettedumaroc.com/articles.php?r=2&sr=1021&n=592&id_artl=18132

I as a Moroccan dont think that Spain should say sorry, at the moment Spain is our ally and our friend. Its the only country that invests huge amounts of money in the Rif region. Even the Moroccan government doesn't do that.

Spanish mea culpa over use of chemical weapons in Northern Morocco is 'necessary', Spanish historian

Madrid, Oct. 24 (MAP) - Spanish historian Maria Rosa de Madariaga deemed it "necessary" that Spain recognizes that the Spanish army used chemical weapons against civilians in the Moroccan northern region of the Rif in the beginning of the 20th century.

The historian who was participating here Wednesday in a round table on chemical weapons use by the Spanish army during the Rif war, said "a distinction should be made between the issue of acknowledging (the use of chemical weapons) and mea culpa and the issue of compensation requests for the victims' families."

Recalling that the Spaniards were seeking to exterminate the Rif population following their defeat in the Anoual battle (1921) she described this rout of the Spanish army as "the greatest defeat of a colonial army in the 20th Century."

Madariaga, author of various books and studies on the Rif , namely "Spain and the Rif: chronicles of an almost forgotten story", mentioned the refusal of the Spanish parliament in February 2007 to adopt a draft law on the recognition of chemical weapons use against civilians in northern Morocco during the Rif war (1921-1927) and the indemnification of victims.

According to her "the authors of the draft law made the mistake to lump together the mea culpa of the Spanish state and the payment of compensations to the victims." "They should have insisted only on admitting the use of such weapons, all the more so as even the law on the historical memory of the Spanish civil war does not provide for indemnification," she argued.

The roundtable, sponsored by the Madrid based intercultural Group Nekkor, was attended by prominent historians who asserted that the use of chemical weapons by the Spanish army was aimed to crush the resistance of the population of Northern Morocco led by the Late Abdelkrim Khattabi between 1921 and 1927.

http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/spanish_mea_culpa_ov/view

I want italians to say sorry because they killed thousands of spaniards yeeeea! also french people to kill so many people in the napoleonic empire, and of course english people in the same time, and people of iran because they invaded spain and killed a lot of spaniards, and why not russians? they came to spain after the roman spain and invaded the country killing many people, there are so many things..
it's the first time i notice this story, nobody in Spain know anything about it, but of course if it's true it has't to happen again, i think you should look for those who killed that people and ask for them to say sorry, they did it, so they have to ..

Well, "nobody in Spain know something about Morocco" would be also correct.
and I have to add that all the crimes needs a punishment (or maybe just apologies).
and don't compare things happend many centuries ago to those happened in the 20th century, between Morocco and Spain we have several little problems which can create a very big one in the future!

we shall reconquest al-andalus back some day as when it was part of our land and heritage for 800 years it is only a matter of time and the history shall repeat it self as it does most of the time that way our revenge would be sweeter and legitimate considering history of moors in muslim spain and how we lost it in 1492 AD and the misstreatment and ethnic clensing muslims submited by the catholics spaniards .inshaallah that would happen in our life time.

we shall reconquest al-andalus back some day as when it was part of our land and heritage for 800 years it is only a matter of time and the history shall repeat it self as it does most of the time that way our revenge would be sweeter and legitimate considering history of moors in muslim spain and how we lost it in 1492 AD and the misstreatment and ethnic clensing muslims submited by the catholics spaniards .inshaallah that would happen in our life time.

EXCUSE MEEEEE ???????????????????????????????????????

are you by chance one of the sons of ben laden ????

do us all a great favor, stop farting in public !!!!!!!:bash::bash::bash:

yeah he happen to be my primary shool mate we went on hunting for girls together , what is wrong with retaking something that was taken away from us by force or are you too connected to CNN news somehow. your kind top dream in life is to get a visa to spain and spend holidays in there once in your life time where you completly forgotten that land was part of our heritage and culture till we were force to leave it for the catholics , i just happen to be connected to it cause part of my heritage is a MORISCO you obviously don't know what that does mean cause you 're CNN watcher wouldn't you call me ben laden friend if i say ceuta and mellilia are moroccans and we should take them back some day. man you look like you are drowning in ignorence and lack of knowledge of your own history facts do not rely on CNN to give it to you cause if you watch or read too much american newspapers you would be just like any average retarded american as you seem to be one of them .
as for my farts if the smell does not seem to bother others apart from you then i m not bothered at all or what so ever in fact it makes me happy . now go back to watch CNN i bet you weight is 100 galon sitting front off tv eating a mega burger drooling over the soffa like bull dog or a mastif just like average americans no wonder you sound like that please stop barking in this forum other wise their is gona be soon a forum launched for zoo i recomend it 4u .

It's a shame for the spanish invader !

yeah he happen to be my primary shool mate we went on hunting for girls together , what is wrong with retaking something that was taken away from us by force or are you too connected to CNN news somehow. your kind top dream in life is to get a visa to spain and spend holidays in there once in your life time where you completly forgotten that land was part of our heritage and culture till we were force to leave it for the catholics , i just happen to be connected to it cause part of my heritage is a MORISCO you obviously don't know what that does mean cause you 're CNN watcher wouldn't you call me ben laden friend if i say ceuta and mellilia are moroccans and we should take them back some day. man you look like you are drowning in ignorence and lack of knowledge of your own history facts do not rely on CNN to give it to you cause if you watch or read too much american newspapers you would be just like any average retarded american as you seem to be one of them .
as for my farts if the smell does not seem to bother others apart from you then i m not bothered at all or what so ever in fact it makes me happy . now go back to watch CNN i bet you weight is 100 galon sitting front off tv eating a mega burger drooling over the soffa like bull dog or a mastif just like average americans no wonder you sound like that please stop barking in this forum other wise their is gona be soon a forum launched for zoo i recomend it 4u .


when I watch CNN, I usually like to eat the:cheers: pork shoulder with preserved lemons and olives delicious !!!:cheers:

I wash that down with the el mahia the famous zionist drink to make sure that my brain is regularly washed with the zionist propaganda and poison !!!:lol::lol::lol:

and I am very sorry for the crimes committed by my grand father (a natural born killer) who butchered so many spanish at annoual (the peaceful guests of your sultan, who came legally to the country ! hchouma !):lol:

I am pretty sure,that your french guests were impressed with bstilla and ka3b ghzal !:lol:

by the way, how would you get your beloved al-andalus ?
we the el awbash zionists as you already know,are not on your side anymore !

are you going to create some bad ass qesariya warriors ? :lol::lol::lol:

sweet dreams khorotistan !!!:lol::lol::lol::lol::lol::lol::lol:

Période de pacification au Maroc

JjwEXHJTmyM

when I watch CNN, I usually like to eat the:cheers: pork shoulder with preserved lemons and olives delicious !!!:cheers:

I wash that down with the el mahia the famous zionist drink to make sure that my brain is regularly washed with the zionist propaganda and poison !!!:lol::lol::lol:

and I am very sorry for the crimes committed by my grand father (a natural born killer) who butchered so many spanish at annoual (the peaceful guests of your sultan, who came legally to the country ! hchouma !):lol:

I am pretty sure,that your french guests were impressed with bstilla and ka3b ghzal !:lol:

by the way, how would you get your beloved al-andalus ?
we the el awbash zionists as you already know,are not on your side anymore !

are you going to create some bad ass qesariya warriors ? :lol::lol::lol:

sweet dreams khorotistan !!!:lol::lol::lol::lol::lol::lol::lol:

you sound like you have lost the plot mate anyways i suspected you for consuming al-mahia,ghabra wa majawarahuma, as well as pork eating i think you ate too much of it till you become too stincky who has an unbearable smell by the way i'd recommend u a new forum for pork eaters and smelly forumers i think you came to this forum by mistake body, you are meant 2b in the pig forumer frame work that would suite your life style rather better .
as for taking al-andalus back it would be taken back by real men not your kind i mean who believe in god's words and rewards and trust on what the prophet PBUH siad that rome shall be conquered by muslims towards the end of time in which we already live in ..... too tough 4u to understund anyways :ohno:
i ve got to go cause your pig smell is unbearabel don't forget to stick to pig eaters forumers side this is the wrong adress for you the one you look for is few blocks away from here mate:nuts::lol::cheers:

most spaniards are good people that I know
the few rotten ones cause trouble just like the few rotten moroccans
the few are the ones that cause big issues problems just like the few zionists / elites / super rich trying to control the world and dominate and cause groups to fight each others to gain more power

Période de pacification au Maroc

JjwEXHJTmyM

great video, thanks a lot.

in the name of the sultan !!!

the alaoui monarchs not only got away with their crimes.

they thrived !:applause::applause::applause::applause::applause:

long live the king !:dunno::dunno::dunno:

arrhash / poison
a trailer for a documentary film

AgZfCjCEF3g

spanish colonial propaganda footage

OrqiO0sTn0U

we shall reconquest al-andalus back some day as when it was part of our land and heritage for 800 years it is only a matter of time and the history shall repeat it self as it does most of the time that way our revenge would be sweeter and legitimate considering history of moors in muslim spain and how we lost it in 1492 AD and the misstreatment and ethnic clensing muslims submited by the catholics spaniards .inshaallah that would happen in our life time.

There is something may be you don't know or ignore, a small part of spaniards, 2 or 3% (even me) come from the andalousian governors, from the kings and noble people, and they stayed in Castilian kingdom because they had lots of money, the palaces, terrains, etc... and decided to change their religion and mix with the old owners of southern iberian peninsula.
Those kings were the owners of Al-Andalus, not the rest of the people, only 30 or 40 (taifas kingdoms) and the knights, etc; all the vassals only cultivated the land and made crafts etc, they were the vast majority of the southern peninsula, but only them were expeled because they were poor and islamic, not kings.
That expelled people crossed the sea and established in north Africa, the kings, knights, and reach people stayed in the peninsula, now Spain, and marry noble castilian to integrate them in the new country, their descendants are that 2 or 3% of spaniards (now adays) so, we don't nothing to reconquer because we are living in our country, and you don't have nothing to reconquer because the real owners during 800 years (only in Granada, in other places less time) were our antérieurs, not yours.

C'est seul information objective en me basant sur l'histoire je ne veux rien de plus dire, but i think this is very easy to understand

There is something may be you don't know or ignore, a small part of spaniards, 2 or 3% (even me) come from the andalousian governors, from the kings and noble people, and they stayed in Castilian kingdom because they had lots of money, the palaces, terrains, etc... and decided to change their religion and mix with the old owners of southern iberian peninsula.
Those kings were the owners of Al-Andalus, not the rest of the people, only 30 or 40 (taifas kingdoms) and the knights, etc; all the vassals only cultivated the land and made crafts etc, they were the vast majority of the southern peninsula, but only them were expeled because they were poor and islamic, not kings.
That expelled people crossed the sea and established in north Africa, the kings, knights, and reach people stayed in the peninsula, now Spain, and marry noble castilian to integrate them in the new country, their descendants are that 2 or 3% of spaniards (now adays) so, we don't nothing to reconquer because we are living in our country, and you don't have nothing to reconquer because the real owners during 800 years (only in Granada, in other places less time) were our antérieurs, not yours.

C'est seul information objective en me basant sur l'histoire je ne veux rien de plus dire, but i think this is very easy to understand

T'es incollable lorsqu'il s'agit de défendre l'Espagne en histoire!!
The history you learn in Spain is totally pro-spanish, you know that? don't you?:bash:
I don't think that CODM thought seriously what he said, anyway your version of the history is not true as well.:down:
"La Historia la escribe el ganador"

Your opinion doesn't change anything, i think the moon is green don't you? but it isn't
The moon is grey according to scientifist and visual laws.
Your version is that every muslim was expelled? really do you think so? many andalusies kings dind't fight against Castilia, they (our grand grand parents) pacted with the cristian kings to live in their palaces but in a new kingdom, their money, life, family was in the iberian peninsula, they didn´t want to go back to Africa, so, those islamic kings fought against the kings of the other muslim kingdoms (more than 30) to stay in Castille and not to be expelled. I suppost you wanna see things in another point of view, as you think of me, but it's objective history learnt in the flamish area of Belgium (i'm half spanish, half belgian), and that's the current truth known in our Europe

And the kings were the real owners of Al-Andalus, not the rest of the people, those owners stayed in Europe, and the rest went back to Africa and consolidated the culture and art they developed in Iberia in a new country founded in 1666, Morocco i think, very nice in art and culture in the mediaeval age.
Don't visit wikipedia for true information, everybody can write there what they want

Your opinion doesn't change anything, i think the moon is green don't you? but it isn't
The moon is grey according to scientifist and visual laws.
Your version is that every muslim was expelled? really do you think so? many andalusies kings dind't fight against Castilia, they (our grand grand parents) pacted with the cristian kings to live in their palaces but in a new kingdom, their money, life, family was in the iberian peninsula, they didn´t want to go back to Africa, so, those islamic kings fought against the kings of the other muslim kingdoms (more than 30) to stay in Castille and not to be expelled. I suppost you wanna see things in another point of view, as you think of me, but it's objective history learnt in the flamish area of Belgium (i'm half spanish, half belgian), and that's the current truth known in our Europe

And the kings were the real owners of Al-Andalus, not the rest of the people, those owners stayed in Europe, and the rest went back to Africa and consolidated the culture and art they developed in Iberia in a new country founded in 1666, Morocco i think, very nice in art and culture in the mediaeval age.
Don't visit wikipedia for true information, everybody can write there what they want


Okay, Okay, So morocco was founded in 1666, two hundred years after the occupation of Sebta and Melilia, which was in the 15th century.

The Spanish are the descendance of the Al Andalus Kings and only the kings. On the other hand Moroccans are descedants of the rest of the andalusian poor people.

Thank you for this article of Pure White European colonialist History, which remaind us of our historical inferiority in comparison with the european Race!:nuts:

Seriously, are you kidding me?:bash:

Morocco was founded 1200 years ago, mon ami!!
And Al Andalus was under Moroccan soverainity till the emirat of granada.
Neither Moroccans nor Arabic will accept that version of history, because the history you are talking about was written by Christians which used to be the muslims enemies in the middle ages.

Sorry Tetwani, i dindn't want to create in you those sensations by writing history, i'm really sorry if you can't stand this story about dead people 600 years ago, just talk

Said this..; You mention that Morocco was founded in 1200, but what was founded? by that age, the area now occupe actual Morocco was a part of the islamic empire, not a country, as far as the south of iberian peninsula was part of it some years, that area was conquered by the Umayyad dinasty from Damasco, that people from middle east went to the peninsula to direct the place.But in 929 Al-Andalus decided to became independant from the rest of muslim world, so, one Calipha for Córdoba and another for the rest of islamic areas, Al-Andalus was independent.
The almoravid empire (people from Sahara) conquered northern Africa and the Al-Andalus
this last territory because some kings called this people to fight agains the other taifas kingdoms (in this age some kings ally to Castille to stay in the peninsula) and of course the splendour reached is destroyed by those wars. So a bereber empire from Sahara conquer northern Morocco and South Spain, if you cosider mediaeval Morocco as Almoravid talking Morocco directed Al-Andalus, i can say Hispania directed Egypt and France, if i considered Hispania as Rome, they conquered the peninsula and then other territories, the same as Almoravid, it's just to think and consider many points by many information and to separate the impulses of the reason.
An yes, a very little percent of spaniards descend from those kings (not every king), but not only kings, rich people, noble people, but not because i want you to know spanish people are better becuase they come from richer people and the owners of Al-Andalus, I say this because they were the only people wich could do anything to stay in their iberian homes (just to pay the new cristian kings, give them some territories or knights to fight, etc..) only because of that, and it's logical, the rest didn't have anything to give to the new kings, and they dind't want to change their religion, so, they had to emigrate to north Africa, it's easy, not white colonialist history, just a good use of information and reason, not using the sensations or impulse.
Now adays there's no cristian-islamic confrontation, but i say this because there's no a united cristian world, not a feeling of we ar cristian, it doesn't exist in our culture, just different countries, may be a country-islamic confrontation, so please don't say the european history investigated by modern europeans is based on a confrontation between cristianans and islamics, we don't exist as a nation, not as you (that's good for you i think) actual history written by europeans or occidentals is based on objective information and a fantastic use of reason and not feelings of hate (it doesn't exist, may be other bad or good feelings, but a general hate, of course not)
Have you think i could have thought the same of your version?
Ok, this doesn't mind.
Morocco was founded in 1666, i don't say that there were many other kingdoms in that land, like the saharian almoravids conquers of north Africa, and many others, but the real year of the beginning of the creation of Morocco was in 1666 , the same in Spain, founded as a constant country in 1492 when the actual Spain was united, before that existed many kingdoms, but not a country called Spain, so we can only talk about Spain til 1492 and from Morocco in 1666 (before those ages, we should talk of other kingdoms or empires, but not the actual countries)
Consider all this information according to reason and not feelings.

And sorry if someone can't stand anything i wrote, this is not a letter of hate or superiority Tetwani, Europe estimate moroccans, we don't want to create bad feeliings or something like that, ok? just to talk, it can be agreable.
I'd write more, but in 10 hours i have to give a big project at school!!

There is something may be you don't know or ignore, a small part of spaniards, 2 or 3% (even me) come from the andalousian governors, from the kings and noble people, and they stayed in Castilian kingdom because they had lots of money, the palaces, terrains, etc... and decided to change their religion and mix with the old owners of southern iberian peninsula.
Those kings were the owners of Al-Andalus, not the rest of the people, only 30 or 40 (taifas kingdoms) and the knights, etc; all the vassals only cultivated the land and made crafts etc, they were the vast majority of the southern peninsula, but only them were expeled because they were poor and islamic, not kings.
That expelled people crossed the sea and established in north Africa, the kings, knights, and reach people stayed in the peninsula, now Spain, and marry noble castilian to integrate them in the new country, their descendants are that 2 or 3% of spaniards (now adays) so, we don't nothing to reconquer because we are living in our country, and you don't have nothing to reconquer because the real owners during 800 years (only in Granada, in other places less time) were our antérieurs, not yours.

C'est seul information objective en me basant sur l'histoire je ne veux rien de plus dire, but i think this is very easy to understand

your knowledge about al-andalus are very confused even more confused about history of morocco if you say morocco was founded in 1666 AD i wonder where you get these information from :lol::nuts: and what is funnnier is that you seem to believe your made stories or rather your myths . let's start by correcting you quickly morocco was founded 1200 years ago . number 2: morocco and moroccans which was spread till mauritania and over till the senegal river ruled iberia where there was no spain nor portugal and these two countries which we know today were divided to small kingdoms that's why the MOORS meaning moroccans+mauritanians led by TARIK IBN ZIAD managed to conquer spain in 3years and reached beyound up to POITIER this conquest turned to one of the great civilisation the world and europe has ever seeing which benefited to the rise up of modern europe and it's renaissance thanks to the translated work left by the arab moors into latin in various fields, talking about who discovered america you were taught it was clolumbus in 1492 AD but historians confirm that when columbus reached the new world he had already found muslims living there 30 years before his arrival it does make lot of sense considering the arabs were the creators of the compass that facilitate sailing through the oceans and indicates north,west,east,south wasy before the europeans found it .going back to your statments in regards to the ethnic clensing of the muslims in spain over five centuries ago the muslims were brutely treated when the catholics toke over their wealth was taken by force and even northern spaniards were sent to south of spain to live in ordes to fill the gap of muslims and substitute them with new rich class that became rich thanks to the lost fortune of muslims the harsh treatememt went so bad that any one secretly practising islam would be hunged and killed in public as an example to others in such nasty dihumanising fashion by catholics that treatement continued till the 17th century were large numbers of moriscos were expelled from spain to north africa with nothing . back then any neighbour that suspects his neighbour been a muslim could announce him to the authorities and he would be awarded for such effort the harsh and dark history of catholic spain and spaniards against muslims would go on on and on and i suggest that you turn to some liable source to aquire some true knowlegge and facts rather than scratshing your head and talk crap cause you make absolutely no sense with your facts they only make your intelect look very weak and below any standards take my words as advice and go and learn about the real history of andalucia, moors and their misstreatement by catholics wich started from queen isabella and king ferdinand and went on for too long once you find out the true facts you would know why spanish history books have erased lot of valuable information from the memory of these books or at least tried to to hide the truth from generations and generations of spaniards just like they did with the discovery of the new world and the massacres of millions of innocent indeginous americans through out the continent on the name of the cross and chrestianity and made the world believe that it was christophe columbus that discoverd ameriaca onre of the biggest lies in history too ....... MY MESSAGE TO YOU GO AND EDUCATE YOUR SELF PROPPERLY BEFORE YOU COME AND TELL TO MOROCCANS THEIR OWN HISTORY WICH THEY KNOW BETTER THAN ANY ONE ELSE AND DON'T FORGET WHAEN WE SAY AL-ANDALUS WE SAY MOROCCO THE PROOF IS THE MONUMENTS LEFT BEHIND BY THE MOORS AFTER 800 YEARS OF CIVILISATION AND EXISTENSE ON THE IBERIAN PENINSULAR OR ARE GONA SAY THAT ACTUALY IT WAS THE PERSIANS THAT CONQUERD SPAIN LIKE ONE MORON ONCE SAID NOT THE MOROCCANS.........:lol:

your knowledge about al-andalus are very confused even more confused about history of morocco if you say morocco was founded in 1666 AD i wonder where you get these information from :lol::nuts: and what is funnnier is that you seem to believe your made stories or rather your myths . let's start by correcting you quickly morocco was founded 1200 years ago . number 2: morocco and moroccans which was spread till mauritania and over till the senegal river ruled iberia where there was no spain nor portugal and these two countries which we know today were divided to small kingdoms that's why the MOORS meaning moroccans+mauritanians led by TARIK IBN ZIAD managed to conquer spain in 3years and reached beyound up to POITIER this conquest turned to one of the great civilisation the world and europe has ever seeing which benefited to the rise up of modern europe and it's renaissance thanks to the translated work left by the arab moors into latin in various fields, talking about who discovered america you were taught it was clolumbus in 1492 AD but historians confirm that when columbus reached the new world he had already found muslims living there 30 years before his arrival it does make lot of sense considering the arabs were the creators of the compass that facilitate sailing through the oceans and indicates north,west,east,south wasy before the europeans found it .going back to your statments in regards to the ethnic clensing of the muslims in spain over five centuries ago the muslims were brutely treated when the catholics toke over their wealth was taken by force and even northern spaniards were sent to south of spain to live in ordes to fill the gap of muslims and substitute them with new rich class that became rich thanks to the lost fortune of muslims the harsh treatememt went so bad that any one secretly practising islam would be hunged and killed in public as an example to others in such nasty dihumanising fashion by catholics that treatement continued till the 17th century were large numbers of moriscos were expelled from spain to north africa with nothing . back then any neighbour that suspects his neighbour been a muslim could announce him to the authorities and he would be awarded for such effort the harsh and dark history of catholic spain and spaniards against muslims would go on on and on and i suggest that you turn to some liable source to aquire some true knowlegge and facts rather than scratshing your head and talk crap cause you make absolutely no sense with your facts they only make your intelect look very weak and below any standards take my words as advice and go and learn about the real history of andalucia, moors and their misstreatement by catholics wich started from queen isabella and king ferdinand and went on for too long once you find out the true facts you would know why spanish history books have erased lot of valuable information from the memory of these books or at least tried to to hide the truth from generations and generations of spaniards just like they did with the discovery of the new world and the massacres of millions of innocent indeginous americans through out the continent on the name of the cross and chrestianity and made the world believe that it was christophe columbus that discoverd ameriaca onre of the biggest lies in history too ....... MY MESSAGE TO YOU GO AND EDUCATE YOUR SELF PROPPERLY BEFORE YOU COME AND TELL TO MOROCCANS THEIR OWN HISTORY WICH THEY KNOW BETTER THAN ANY ONE ELSE AND DON'T FORGET WHAEN WE SAY AL-ANDALUS WE SAY MOROCCO THE PROOF IS THE MONUMENTS LEFT BEHIND BY THE MOORS AFTER 800 YEARS OF CIVILISATION AND EXISTENSE ON THE IBERIAN PENINSULAR OR ARE GONA SAY THAT ACTUALY IT WAS THE PERSIANS THAT CONQUERD SPAIN LIKE ONE MORON ONCE SAID NOT THE MOROCCANS.........:lol:



The Moorish people where Berbers. Second Tarik ibn Ziad was a Berber and his army were of Zeneta Berbers who became arabized in Spain. And a smart part was Arabic and Jewisch..

A lot of the scientists in Spain and Maghreb wrote Arabic and Berber like Ibn Aljazaar, Ibn Batoutta, Ibn Farnass, Ibn Khaldoun etc. And other big leader were also Berbers like:
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf, Ibn Tumart, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, al-Mustansir Yusuf, Ziri ibn Manad etc

Source: Ibn Khaldoun

your knowledge about al-andalus are very confused even more confused about history of morocco if you say morocco was founded in 1666 AD i wonder where you get these information from :lol::nuts: and what is funnnier is that you seem to believe your made stories or rather your myths . let's start by correcting you quickly morocco was founded 1200 years ago . number 2: morocco and moroccans which was spread till mauritania and over till the senegal river ruled iberia where there was no spain nor portugal and these two countries which we know today were divided to small kingdoms that's why the MOORS meaning moroccans+mauritanians led by TARIK IBN ZIAD managed to conquer spain in 3years and reached beyound up to POITIER this conquest turned to one of the great civilisation the world and europe has ever seeing which benefited to the rise up of modern europe and it's renaissance thanks to the translated work left by the arab moors into latin in various fields, talking about who discovered america you were taught it was clolumbus in 1492 AD but historians confirm that when columbus reached the new world he had already found muslims living there 30 years before his arrival it does make lot of sense considering the arabs were the creators of the compass that facilitate sailing through the oceans and indicates north,west,east,south wasy before the europeans found it .going back to your statments in regards to the ethnic clensing of the muslims in spain over five centuries ago the muslims were brutely treated when the catholics toke over their wealth was taken by force and even northern spaniards were sent to south of spain to live in ordes to fill the gap of muslims and substitute them with new rich class that became rich thanks to the lost fortune of muslims the harsh treatememt went so bad that any one secretly practising islam would be hunged and killed in public as an example to others in such nasty dihumanising fashion by catholics that treatement continued till the 17th century were large numbers of moriscos were expelled from spain to north africa with nothing . back then any neighbour that suspects his neighbour been a muslim could announce him to the authorities and he would be awarded for such effort the harsh and dark history of catholic spain and spaniards against muslims would go on on and on and i suggest that you turn to some liable source to aquire some true knowlegge and facts rather than scratshing your head and talk crap cause you make absolutely no sense with your facts they only make your intelect look very weak and below any standards take my words as advice and go and learn about the real history of andalucia, moors and their misstreatement by catholics wich started from queen isabella and king ferdinand and went on for too long once you find out the true facts you would know why spanish history books have erased lot of valuable information from the memory of these books or at least tried to to hide the truth from generations and generations of spaniards just like they did with the discovery of the new world and the massacres of millions of innocent indeginous americans through out the continent on the name of the cross and chrestianity and made the world believe that it was christophe columbus that discoverd ameriaca onre of the biggest lies in history too ....... MY MESSAGE TO YOU GO AND EDUCATE YOUR SELF PROPPERLY BEFORE YOU COME AND TELL TO MOROCCANS THEIR OWN HISTORY WICH THEY KNOW BETTER THAN ANY ONE ELSE AND DON'T FORGET WHAEN WE SAY AL-ANDALUS WE SAY MOROCCO THE PROOF IS THE MONUMENTS LEFT BEHIND BY THE MOORS AFTER 800 YEARS OF CIVILISATION AND EXISTENSE ON THE IBERIAN PENINSULAR OR ARE GONA SAY THAT ACTUALY IT WAS THE PERSIANS THAT CONQUERD SPAIN LIKE ONE MORON ONCE SAID NOT THE MOROCCANS.........:lol:

But the real meaning of what i wrote, is that we have to destroy the relation between name and action, so, it's normal to say: Spaniards conquered America, but which spaniards? not the people who live now in Spain, of course, the have nothin to see with America, only the people who live now in America were the conquers, the same as all Europe, the europeans we live now here, have no conection with anything not refering to Europe, or, USA create the personal computer, USA? of course not, a small group of people.
With these examples i wanna say you use to mix name (global) with personal (local) real history is made by people, not by nations, but it has always been used to feel better, to create a good feeling of actions made by one person in the same territory as you
I mean, the real conquers of any terrritory still live in that territory and not in the original countries, as i've said with Spain-America, or England-Australia, etc, the conquers did't come back to their original places, but applied to Al-Andalus case, the conquers lived there for 800 years, and their descedants are today's spaniards, not you, because as i've said in two posts, (may be Morocco was created 1200 years ago by oher kingdom other name and not in 1666, other legislation or something like that, you know it better of course, just numbers)
is that the old owners of Iberia wanted all to be cristian, and people had to change their religion to stay, but not many people did it, they were the real islamic conquers (kings, noble people), rich sellers, people with lots of money and lands (they couldn't take from Castille any money, gold or silver, with these law the new kingdom could learn a lot of money), so the kings, noble people, rich etc... decided to change their religion and mix with castillian, just because of the money, what could they do in Africa with all their lands and money in Europe? nothing. People with less money or some rich people very religious came back to Africa, the majority hadn't anything to lose, and they were not the conquers, they just were there looking for a better life quality since VIII century
That's what i say, the history basing in people, not in national points, so conquers stayed in Europe and had childs, their childs married europeans, and had more childs,....more....more.... and today. This is the real history, reason and not sensations or national feelings.

your knowledge about al-andalus are very confused even more confused about history of morocco if you say morocco was founded in 1666 AD i wonder where you get these information from :lol::nuts: and what is funnnier is that you seem to believe your made stories or rather your myths . let's start by correcting you quickly morocco was founded 1200 years ago . number 2: morocco and moroccans which was spread till mauritania and over till the senegal river ruled iberia where there was no spain nor portugal and these two countries which we know today were divided to small kingdoms that's why the MOORS meaning moroccans+mauritanians led by TARIK IBN ZIAD managed to conquer spain in 3years and reached beyound up to POITIER this conquest turned to one of the great civilisation the world and europe has ever seeing which benefited to the rise up of modern europe and it's renaissance thanks to the translated work left by the arab moors into latin in various fields, talking about who discovered america you were taught it was clolumbus in 1492 AD but historians confirm that when columbus reached the new world he had already found muslims living there 30 years before his arrival it does make lot of sense considering the arabs were the creators of the compass that facilitate sailing through the oceans and indicates north,west,east,south wasy before the europeans found it .going back to your statments in regards to the ethnic clensing of the muslims in spain over five centuries ago the muslims were brutely treated when the catholics toke over their wealth was taken by force and even northern spaniards were sent to south of spain to live in ordes to fill the gap of muslims and substitute them with new rich class that became rich thanks to the lost fortune of muslims the harsh treatememt went so bad that any one secretly practising islam would be hunged and killed in public as an example to others in such nasty dihumanising fashion by catholics that treatement continued till the 17th century were large numbers of moriscos were expelled from spain to north africa with nothing . back then any neighbour that suspects his neighbour been a muslim could announce him to the authorities and he would be awarded for such effort the harsh and dark history of catholic spain and spaniards against muslims would go on on and on and i suggest that you turn to some liable source to aquire some true knowlegge and facts rather than scratshing your head and talk crap cause you make absolutely no sense with your facts they only make your intelect look very weak and below any standards take my words as advice and go and learn about the real history of andalucia, moors and their misstreatement by catholics wich started from queen isabella and king ferdinand and went on for too long once you find out the true facts you would know why spanish history books have erased lot of valuable information from the memory of these books or at least tried to to hide the truth from generations and generations of spaniards just like they did with the discovery of the new world and the massacres of millions of innocent indeginous americans through out the continent on the name of the cross and chrestianity and made the world believe that it was christophe columbus that discoverd ameriaca onre of the biggest lies in history too ....... MY MESSAGE TO YOU GO AND EDUCATE YOUR SELF PROPPERLY BEFORE YOU COME AND TELL TO MOROCCANS THEIR OWN HISTORY WICH THEY KNOW BETTER THAN ANY ONE ELSE AND DON'T FORGET WHAEN WE SAY AL-ANDALUS WE SAY MOROCCO THE PROOF IS THE MONUMENTS LEFT BEHIND BY THE MOORS AFTER 800 YEARS OF CIVILISATION AND EXISTENSE ON THE IBERIAN PENINSULAR OR ARE GONA SAY THAT ACTUALY IT WAS THE PERSIANS THAT CONQUERD SPAIN LIKE ONE MORON ONCE SAID NOT THE MOROCCANS.........:lol:



The Moors were Berbers:


Quote:

“the inhabitants of the area, known today under the name of Djebala, and who all belonged, to the Berber big family of Ghomara “ “The troops of the first Muslim invasion of Spain in very great majority was made up of Berbers , and in particular of Ghomara. “ “Ghomara, known by Ibn Khaldun, live in the mountains of Rif,


Source: Quelques tribus de montagnes de la région du Habt / par Michaux-Bellaire/Ibn Khaldun

it is useless to argue or have any fruitful discussion with people with the absolute certainty,that history and civilization begun 12 or 13 centuries ago !!!

before that,people were hunters-gatherers !!!:lol:

Please discuss in a civilized matter, as it is interesting to rediscover history. You dont have to agree with eachother, but use arguments.

Morocco history is much older then 12 or 13 centuries everybody knows that. Morocco old name was Mauretania and was an Berber kingdom estabilished in 110 BC. In 33BC it became an cliente state of the Roman empire and in 40 BC it was annexed by Rome.

There where kings like: Juba, Bochus, Ptolemy etc


That is the real history of Morocco..

Morocco history is much older then 12 or 13 centuries everybody knows that. Morocco old name was Mauretania and was an Berber kingdom estabilished in 110 BC. In 33BC it became an cliente state of the Roman empire and in it was It was annexed by Rome.

There where kings like: Juba, Bochus, Ptolemy etc


That is the real history of Morocco..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Mauretania
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania

Morocco history is much older then 12 or 13 centuries everybody knows that. Morocco old name was Mauretania and was an Berber kingdom estabilished in 110 BC. In 33BC it became an cliente state of the Roman empire and in it was It was annexed by Rome.

There where kings like: Juba, Bochus, Ptolemy etc


That is the real history of Morocco..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Mauretania
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania

The BAQUATES and The Altars of Peace

http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/roman_africa/BAQUATES.HTM

http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=839498

Mémoire commune : des partis politiques pour un "large dialogue" entre le Maroc et l'Espagne


Rabat-Les représentants de plusieurs partis politiques se sont prononcés, mardi à Rabat, pour un "large dialogue objectif" entre le Maroc et l'Espagne sur la "mémoire commune".

Un tel dialogue doit être la première étape d'un processus de réponse aux questions historiques en suspens, estiment-ils lors d'une rencontre sur thème de "la mémoire commune dans l'agenda des partis politiques", avec la participation de Mohamed Aujjar, du Rassemblement national des indépendants (RNI), Saad Othmani, du Parti de la Justice et du Développement (PJD), Ahmed Moussaoui, du Mouvement populaire (MP), Ismaïl Alaoui, du Parti du progrès et du développement (PPS), Mohamed Aouni, de la Gauche démocratie unifiée et plusieurs historiens, juristes et représentants des médias.


Selon les participants, il appartient à l'Espagne de rechercher les voies qui conduiraient à la réparation du préjudice subi par les victimes marocaines durant la période de la présence coloniale espagnole.


Ils ont également appelé à la cessation des manœuvres qu'alimentent certains milieux espagnols contre l'intégrité territoriale du Royaume.


Le Maroc et l'Espagne doivent développer leurs relations dans tous les domaines et entreprendre une mobilisation de la recherche historique en vue d'établir objectivement la vérité sur le passé coloniale, ajoutent-ils.


Le président du CMCA, Abdeslam Boutayeb, a plaidé pour un "traitement juridique équitable" de ce dossier sur la base des mécanismes de la justice transitionnelle et des valeurs des droits de l'Homme et de la démocratie.


A travers cette rencontre, les organisateurs entendent clarifier la position des partis politiques sur la mémoire commune de l'Espagne et du Maroc et favoriser l'ouverture d'un dialogue entre les deux pays autour des séquelles du passé colonial et des perspectives des relations bilatérales.


Les participants ont évoqué, à cette occasion, la question de l'utilisation des gaz toxiques par l'armée espagnole dans le Rif, l'incorporation forcée de Marocains dans les unités combattantes lors de la guerre civile espagnole, le dossier des présides occupés et les questions historiques en suspens.

Créé en 2008 par un groupe de juristes, académiciens et personnalités du monde de la politique, le CMCA s'intéresse à la question de la mémoire commune dans ses différents aspects, politique, culturel, de développement et des droits humains.

http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/last_politique/memoire_commune___de1456/view

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part 2

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part3

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part 4

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part 5

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part 5

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:applause::applause::applause:

Cette série de reportage m'a vraiment touché, j'allais commencer à chialer.
Le dernier est très touchant aussi. Abdelkrim était un noble de cœur, qui voulait le bien pour son peuple, pas un corrompu qui volait l'argent de la nation pour son intérêt personnel.

abdelkrim elkhatabi a great hero allah yrahmou

abdelkrim elkhatabi is a legend

it is a shame that the Moroccan TV channels never talk about 1 of the greatest heroes of morocco

it is a shame that the Moroccan TV channels never talk about 1 of the greatest heroes of morocco

^^they want to kill the historic memory of the moroccan people.

arrhash / poison
a trailer for a documentary film

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spanish colonial propaganda footage

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Je me demandais s'il y avait un documentaire qui retraçait les événements qui entouraient l'usage d'armes chimiques au Rif marocain

:(:(