First posted to the China Resurgent Forum on Feb. 21, 2005 at the following link:

http://www.network54.com/Forum/thread?forumid=238054&messageid=1108971941&lp=1108971941

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A new hydrogen storage for fuel cell: hydrogen clathrate hydrate.

A new method for storing hydrogen for fuel cell had been proposed in the last year by a father-daughter team of David and Wendy Mao who are probably ethnic Chinese who are visiting scientist and graduate student respectively at the Geophysical Sciences of the University of Chicago. In early 2004 they have synthesized something called hydrogen clathrate hydrate which can be used to store hydrogen molecules in much the same way as metal hydrides. But whereas the metal hydrides are very heavy the watery hydrate is much lighter. It was estimated that a 300 kg metal hydride storage system will store about 6 kg of hydrogen or about 2% by weight. The hydrogen clathrate hydrate is much lighter and hence much more efficient in being able to store some 6% by weight of hydrogen. That is, a 120 kg hydrogen clathrate hydrate storage system could store the same 6 kg of hydrogen thus reducing the weight of the storage system by some 60%.

For those who are not chemists or chemical engineers let me first explain a few terms:

Hydrate: A hydrate is defined as a solid compound which contains water molecules as an integral part of the crystal lattice. Loosely speaking anything solid that contains water molecules is a hydrate. For example, clay is considered a hydrate because it contains water molecules chemically combined in its crystal.

Clathrate: A clathrate is a compound that consists of two parts. The first part is a crystal lattice or a system of cells that are made from a certain kind of molecules. The second part is a number of particles that fill the cells. Because of this combination of cells and things contained in the cells, a clathrate is also called a host-guest complex.

In the case of the hydrogen clathrate hydrate, the lattice system of cells are made of water crystals. The things contained in the cells are hydrogen molecules. Since water is made of hydrogen and oxygen which are much lighter than such metals as sodium and aluminum, clathrate hydrate is a much lighter and hence much more efficient storage medium than sodium aluminum hydride.

Although clathrate hydrate is much lighter than hydrides, it also has advantages over other hydrogen storage systems such as gaseous hydrogen tanks which require extremely high pressure or liquid hydrogen which require extremely low temperature. Hydrogen clathrate hydrate as synthesized by the Mao team can be stable at -320 degrees Fahrenheit and ambient pressure.

In late 2004 a team of scientists have found a way to improve the performing characteristics of hydrogen clathrate hydrate which contains only molecular hydrogen in the cells of the clathrate. They found that by filling some of the bigger cells with a chemical called tetrahydrofuran, whose chemical formula is C4H8O, the whole system is more stable and less likely to collapse than when the cells are all filled only with hydrogen molecules. This new form of clathrate hydrate can be stable at the pressure of 720 psi (pound per square inch) and the temperature of 6.85 degrees Celsius.

Tetrahydrofuran is called a promoter.

Clathrate with promoter: 720 psi +6.85 degrees Celsius;
Clathrate without promoter: 14.7 psi -196 degrees Celsius.

My information on this storage method is still scratchy. Anybody with more information are encouraged to share it with us. I also have some questions about this storage method. How is the hydrogen clathrate hydrate formed? It was given that the Mao team had created some hydrogen clathrate hydrate in a diamond anvil with pressures as high as 20,000 to 30,000 atmospheres. At some 15 psi per atmosphere, this is as much as 45,000 psi. Also what happened after the hydrogen molecules have been extracted? Can gaseous hydrogen molecules be pumped in to re-occupy the vacated cells? Or is it necessary to make a new batch of hydrogen clathrate hydrate? I think it would be much simpler if new hydrogen can be pumped in to fill the hydrogen tank.

In the long term I hope the clathrate hydrate could be evolved into some kind of jello-like substance that could be stable at the ambient pressure and temperature. Since there is no special requirement for high pressure and low temperature, the tank can be a low tech tank that could cost no more than a gasoline tank or less. A fill up would then consist of pumping hydrogen gas into the tank which would then quickly diffuse into the jello-like substance and occupy all the empty cells of the clathrate. To extract the hydrogen some heat could be applied to loosen the hydrogen out of the cells. Or maybe even some electric current could be applied to extract just the right amount of hydrogen.

In considering all types of possible storage methods for hydrogen, my preference is still for the pressurized gas tank. A safe tank with pressure up to 10,000 psi has already been developed which would permit the storage of some 6 kg of hydrogen gas that is good for some 300 miles or more of operation of a 100 kw fuel cell car. The weight percent of the hydrogen stored as a percentage of the tank is quite favorable at some 6% or more. Please see my post on the 10,000 psi hydrogen gas tank at the following link:

http://www.network54.com/Forum/thread?forumid=238054&messageid=1086002819&lp=1086002819

Another hydrogen storage method is using nanotubes. Unfortunately, I haven’t heard any significant improvements that would make nanotubes a competitive storage method for hydrogen. Maybe more R&D in the future will find a way to store large amount of hydrogen by means of nanotubes. Meanwhile I think hydrogen gas tanks at 10,000 psi or more are already good enough for ordinary fuel cell cars in terms of cost and operational characteristics.

For those who wish to read more about hydrogen clathrate hydrate, please go to the following links:

About the Mao team’s hydrogen clathrate hydrate

http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/040122/hydrogen.shtml

Abut the promoter tetrahydrofuran

http://www.fuelcellsworks.com/Supppage1709.html

About clathrate hydrate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate

Clathrate compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate

To read more about my posts on fuel cell cars, please go to the following links:

http://www.network54.com/Forum/thread?forumid=238054&messageid=1083227237&lp=1083227237

Or browse the China Resurgent Forum at the following link:

http://www.network54.com/Forum/238054

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This article may be re-posted provided attribution of source is given.

First posted to the China Resurgent Forum on Feb. 21, 2005 at the following link:

http://www.network54.com/Forum/thread?forumid=238054&messageid=1109060002&lp=1109060002

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New advancement in fuel cell membrane technology: hydrocarbon membrane.

It was announced in recent months that a company called PolyFuel has developed a number of new membranes for fuel cell. This new type of membrane is based on hydrocarbon instead of perfluorinated carbon which is typified by Du Pont’s Nafion. The difference is that in hydrocarbon membrane the membrane is composed of chains of carbon with hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom. In the perfluorinated carbon, the same carbon chains have the hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine atoms.

It was estimated by PolyFuel that a fuel cell with 100 kw of output requires an amount of per fluorinated membrane that would cost some $5,000.00. Scientific American in an article in the March issue of 2005 estimated that the cost of hydrocarbon membrane would be about half of that of perfluorinated membrane. This means as it stands today the cost of membrane for a 100 kw fuel cell would be only $2,500.00. It is likely that with further research new techniques of production will be found to reduce the cost of hydrocarbon membrane even further. It was also estimated by the Scientific American article the cost of the membrane is some 35% of the total cost of the fuel cell. If this ratio holds true after the reduction in the cost of the membrane, then the cost of a 100 kw fuel cell would only cost some $7,500.00 This is only a few thousand dollars more than the cost of a comparable gasoline engine. (The power output of a 100 kw fuel cell is equal to 134 horsepower of a gasoline engine.)

PolyFuel also gave other advantages of hydrocarbon membrane over the old perfluorinated membrane. The hydrocarbon membrane is 2 times as strong, 16 times as stiff, 4 times less permeable to hydrogen, and 15% more power output. With these advantages a fuel cell made with hydrocarbon membrane will be able to operate in much more punishing conditions and last much longer than a fuel cell made with the old perfluorinated membrane. And the 15% more power output will also translate into lower cost of the fuel cell unit in addition to the reduction in cost due to the lower manufacturing cost because 15% less membrane need be used for the same power output. This means the $2,500.00 estimated above can be reduced another 15% to $2,125.00 for 100 kw of output. The less permeability of hydrogen means less hydrogen fuel will be lost due to migration through the membrane. This will mean more mileage for each kilogram of hydrogen “burned” which in turn means lower operating cost of a fuel cell vehicle as well as higher mileage per tankful of hydrogen. In other words, a fuel cell car made with perfluorinated membrane that would have gone 300 miles on a tankful of hydrogen can now go almost 350 miles on the same tankful of hydrogen. It seems the ability to drive more than 300 miles on a tankful of hydrogen is a strict condition for fuel cell cars. With such power improvement this condition can now be met with ease.

In addition to the above advantages over the perfluorinated membrane, the hydrocarbon membrane has additional advantages over the perfluorinated membrane in that it is able to operate at 35% relative humidity and 95 degrees Celsius temperature. The lower humidity means less need to maintain high humidity conditions which would have required more components such as blowers and other equipment to maintain high humidity.

The fact that hydrocarbon membrane can tolerate temperature up to 95 degrees Celsius means that there is cost savings through the elimination of parts and components to keep the fuel cell cool. It also enable stable operation in more extreme conditions such as sustained high power output when climbing a long and steep grade or in hot desert summers.

In addition to the ability to tolerate high temperature the hydrocarbon membrane is also able to function in cold temperature so that fuel cell cars can be driven reliably in the cold high latitude winters.

All of the above characteristics translate into a fuel cell that is more dependable and rugged and can function in more severe environmental conditions from desert heat to arctic cold more economically. It also means a fuel cell that can be much lighter and less bulky which would allow more room and more power to carry passengers instead of the fuel cell.

While it is obvious that the current cost of hydrocarbon membrane still makes a fuel cell car too expensive to compete against gasoline engine cars, yet it is also very clear that the difference is not that much any more. Furthermore it is clear that many advancements are being made to make fuel cell cars a practical reality in the not too distant future. In the end, the greatest obstacles to fuel cell cars and hydrogen industry are not the technologies of the fuel cell but the inertia of the mentality of the people which is afraid of change and the self-interest of the oil industry which wants to safeguard their source of income.

As for China’s economic future, it is obvious that it could not achieve a high standard of living for the Chinese people if its cars are fueled by gasoline. Only by going to the fuel cell and the hydrogen industry can China’s economic future be assured. Literally, whether the 21st century can be the Chinese Century depends on whether fuel cell technologies can be advanced enough to give the Chinese people an economical means of transportation.

To read more about hydrocarbon membranes, please go to the following links:

http://www.polyfuel.com/pressroom/press_pr_100504.html

http://www.polyfuel.com

http://www.polyfuel.com/technology/hydrogen.html

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This article may be re-posted provided attribution of source is given.

China's largest listed telecommunications manufacturer and leading wireless solutions provider, has announced Wednesday the opening of its new U.S. corporate headquarters in Dallas, Texas.
The new office will support ZTE¡¯s long-established research and development (R&D) centers in New Jersey, Dallas and San Diego and signifies the corporation¡¯s commitment to its progress within the U.S. market.

Since 1998, ZTE¡¯s U.S. R&D centers have focused on three principal communications systems: VoIP, optical broadband access and wireless solutions, and have established ZTE as one of the leading manufacturers of WiMAX technology.

¡°From our center in San Diego we have continued to develop products and services for this market and our leading position in WiMAX technology is a result of this approach,¡± said James Jiang, president of ZiMAX Technologies, a wholly owned subsidiary of ZTE Corp. ¡°This new office will give us the centrally located organization that we need to progress in the U.S. market.¡±

Already in 2005, ZTE had signed partnership agreements with Qualcomm, Spirent and, in the WiMAX field, with Intel Corp. These agreements will see Intel and ZTE cooperate to develop and promote standards and specifications for 802.16-based networks.

¡°Intel and ZTE are both global players in their respective domains. This relationship is significant for global harmonization of WiMAX-based products,¡± added Jiang.

ZTE¡¯s concentration on the U.S. market continues next month with its major presence at Supercomm 2005, in Chicago.

The company had also been given an exclusive contract to build a nationwide fixed-line voice network for China Telecom Corp., The Standard reported.

Related link: http://english.people.com.cn/200506/03/eng20050603_188321.html

By Peter Marsh in London
Published: June 1 2005 21:56 | Last updated: June 1 2005 21:56

Companies are boosting efforts to equip their production lines in China with novel automation systems, adding to the country's competitive advantages in manufacturing, a report published on Thursday will warn.


The study says both foreign owned and local companies are putting more emphasis on computerising their plants to make them capable of making parts and finished goods in a greater range of variants than previously.

That way of working has up to now been associated mainly with factories in the developed world. These plants have been able to compensate partly for their higher costs using a greater amount of “customisation” of products than is generally possible in China.

In the past decade, manufacturers have greatly expanded their operations in China, often to take advantage of lower costs, but with most plants geared mainly to turning out mass-produced items.

“Companies in China are making strenuous efforts to automate, and this means the window of of opportunity that manufacturers in the developed countries now have [to use flexible production to their advantage] will not last for ever,” said Denis McCauley, director of global technology research at the Economist Intelligence Unit, a research group. Mr McCauley is the author of the report, which was produced in association with Sun Microsystems, a US computer company.

One company increasing its attempts to expand in this way in China is SMC, a Japanese company that is the world's biggest maker of devices to control the supply of compressed air used in industries from food processing to construction.

SMC makes its products in 540,000 varieties using computerised methods to ensure control devices are turned out to customers' orders. The production routes allow for small changes in the final stages of manufacturing so the products work in a way that fits in with the requirements of the user.

“There is a greater demand in the world generally for greater product customisation,” said Yoshiyuki Takada, SMC chairman.

He acknowledged that SMC's production which now takes place mainly in Japan will be switched more to other countries including China to take account of lower costs and also to be closer to cus-tomers.

Another manufacturer that works in this wayis UK-based AES Engineering, one of the world'sbiggest makers of mechanical seals used to stop liquids leaking out of pumping machinery and pipes. Using a computerised production system, AES can make its seals in 800m var-iants to suit requirements. It has 95 per cent of its production in the UK but is also looking to expand from two small plants in China and Brazil.

According to the EIU report, based on interviews with 143 production com-panies around the world, three-quarters of production businesses are looking to expand their automation systems to ensure products can be made more easily to fit in with customer needs.

While China is seeing a big rise in automation projects generally, manufac-turers expect to boost their spending on information technology systems in Asia, covering all aspects of their operations, by 13 per cent a year to 2008. That rate of growth is more than twice the amount envisaged in North America and Europe.

Related link: http://news.ft.com/cms/s/8f84a302-d2d9-11d9-bead-00000e2511c8.html

我觉得这样不好,潜在消灭了就业机会,中国已经那么多人没工作,仅有的一些还让机器人抢去了?

Stakes up in piracy fight
June 21, 2005

http://www.thestandard.com.hk/stdn/std/China/images/piracy0621.jpg
An official destroys pirate VCDs and DVDs as part of a Chongqing operation that saw 500,000 discs destroyed Monday. XINHUA

China is offering rewards of up to 300,000 yuan (HK$281,820) for tips on illegal video and audio factories to stamp out theft of intellectual property.

An IP piracy hotline came online as Beijing announced a further round in its campaign to combat piracy of movies, music and other copyrighted materials, China Daily reported.

It is not the first time authorities have paid such rewards - but the amounts have been increasing.

The latest rewards begin at 150,000 yuan for each illegal production line reported.

Eight government ministries are involved in the latest crackdown.

The government says it shut down 200 illegal CD and DVD production lines from 1994 to last year and paid more than 40 million yuan in rewards to informers during that time.

"The Chinese government's commitment to protecting intellectual property rights is very serious,'' the report quoted Liu Binjie, deputy head of the National Office for Cracking Down on Pornography and Piracy, as saying.

REUTERS

that's important,i think China will start the DECISIVE BATTLE with japanese,american and european companies on high tech sector in 10 years.

seem from the photo,i can't imagine how many workers there are in Chongqing from chinese countryside now.

Not that I support piracy but I believe people should realize the REAL reason why people pirate.

When given a chance or choice to do the right thing, majority of people would. This is why online music stores such as Apple's iTunes Music Store is so successful. However, spending 99 cents per song is still very expensive for most people, although it sure beats buying physical CDs especially when you can choose which tracks to buy.

A typical DVD movie costs US $20. That's about two hours of entertainment for $20, or $10 per hour, many people don't even make that much money in the U.S., now consider China, where things are generally cheaper but people also make less money. $20 is about 160 yuan, you can do A LOT with 160 yuan in China, a lot more than $20 in the U.S. at least.

What businesses should do is consider each market differently and stop overcharging people.

What businesses should do is consider each market differently and stop overcharging people.

Definately agree! Although, copying/ piracy is still illegal no matter what. I'm glad to see that the Chinese government is making more of an initiative to crackdown on such things.

整体外形：脱胎换骨的感觉

如果你经常关注笔记本电脑动态，肯定知道神舟在上个月同2005年超级女声年度冠军李宇春签约的消息；肯定知道神舟近日发布了有史以来最炫的彩色笔记本——优雅Q系列。这次的优雅Q系列笔记本共有三个尺寸，分别是10寸宽屏的Q100系列、12寸Q200系列以及13寸宽屏的Q300系列，色彩方面也均采用了别具一格的苹果绿、阳光橙以及玛瑙红等几种青春靓丽的颜色，无论做工还是售价都给人们一种脱胎换骨的感觉。
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000092916.jpg http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000092917.jpg


我们从神舟经销商处了解到，目前市场上热卖的是10寸的神舟优雅Q100系列。配置方面，优雅Q100C该机采用超低电压版C-M处理器373（1.0GHz）、英特尔855GME芯片组、256MB内存、40GB硬盘、9mm超薄COMBO光驱、4000mAh锂电、重1.49Kg，售价9888元；而该系列高端型号为优雅Q100P，它采用超低电压版P-M处理器733（1.1GHz）、512MB内存、60GB硬盘、内置802.11b/g无线网卡，售价12888元。
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096388.jpg
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096386.jpg
一直以来，神舟笔记本电脑给人的感觉都是“低价杀手”，而优雅Q100赛扬版的机型上市价格也将近万元，可以说是神舟有史以来定价最高的机型了。那么，这款万元的优雅笔记本到底值不值得买呢？带着这些疑问，我们收到了厂商送测的Q100C。在正式评测文章出来之前，我们还是先来看看优雅Q100C的清晰图吧。

机身特色：开始注重细节

相信不少看到过优雅Q100C真机的朋友会和小编一样，在打开优雅Q100C时种“似曾相识”的感觉。确实，纯白色的键盘、屏幕边框等设计同索尼早先那款10.6寸小宽屏机器——TR5C有些相似，在一些细节之处又多了不少“时尚”的因素在里面。
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096389.jpg
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096400.jpg
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096398.jpg http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096399.jpg
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096395.jpg http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096406.jpg
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096396.jpg http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096397.jpg
比较有意思的一个地方，这次在笔记本的右掌托处并没有贴往常那种银底黑字的贴纸，而破天荒得变成了上面那种透明的Logo。说实话，这样的设计确实比以前的设计“优雅”得多了。

四周接口：比较丰富但设计紧凑

在扩展接口方面，优雅Q100C倒是“麻雀虽小，五脏据全”，PCMCIA插槽、VGA输出、IEEE1394火线接口乃至SD读卡器插槽一应俱全。只是，由于这仅仅是一台10寸的小本本，因此接口设计得有些紧密。
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096393.jpg
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096394.jpg
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096403.jpg
http://digi.qq.com/images/zjz/10.10/5/000096405.jpg
大家肯定看到了，笔记本的所有接口都被集中在左右两端，而且只设计了两个USB接口，它们的距离也比较紧密。如果接上USB鼠标后，也许会对其它个头偏大的USB设备的使用造成空间上的不便。

楼主是搞营销的？
：D

-_-!!

关税~~~~~~~~~~~

http://tech.sina.com.cn/focus/amd_commit/index.shtml

沙髮

中新网3月22日电 据中国科学院消息，由中国自行设计、研制的世界上第一个全超导托卡马克　EAST(原名HT-7U)核聚变实验装置(媒体称其为“人造太阳”)，于2月1日到3月17日成功进行了首次工程调试。

　　据了解，本次工程调试的主要目的是检验主机的性能以及相关分系统的能力，探索未来可行的运行模式，测量主机和主要分系统的关键技术参数，验证各种安全保护系统的可靠性, 为年内成功运行提供必要的数据和积累经验。在调试中，最受关注的低温调试和磁体通电测试获得圆满成功。

　　在真空和低温条件就位后，从3月13日到3月17日，离子体所的相关人员对纵场磁体和12个极向场磁体分别进行了260 次通电测试。最长通电时间达到5000秒，最大电流达到8200安培，相对应的装置中心场强已达到2特斯拉。总控系统、真空系统、低温系统、数据采集系统、水冷系统、电源系统、装置技术诊断系统、失超保护、真空磁位形测量系统、超导传输线、高温超导电流引线、铜电流引线以及等离子体控制系统运行正常，保证了通电测试的安全和成功。
编辑：龙芯

据说该项技术投入实用还需要五十年时间。
在这之前人们还是要依赖传统能源来生存和发展。中国这样的高速发展的发展中国家对能源的需求更甚，国人们不得不继续沿用传统的高能耗、高污染的不可持续发展模式来发展经济，这给国家的环境保护事业造成了极大的阻碍。

我国人造太阳调试成功七八月份将运行
2006年04月06日22:56 CCTV-新闻会客厅

　　4月6日，央视新闻频道《新闻会客厅》播出节目《揭秘“人造太阳”》，以下为节目实录：
　　主持人：您好观众朋友，欢迎走进《新闻会客厅》。3月23号，汽油的价格又涨了，让我们感觉到除了以后买汽油多花钱之外，能源危机似乎离我们越来越近，也是在同一天一个消息也被人们注意到，就是说中国要升起人造太阳了，而提供一种无限量的、安全、清洁的能源，听到这样的消息人们难免心生疑问，太阳可以人造吗？
　　亿万年来，地球上的万物靠着太阳源源不断的能量维持自身的发展。2006年3月23 日，有一条关于太阳的新闻引起了人们的关注：中国的“人造太阳”实验装置调试成功，年内即将运行。这使得人们对“人造太阳”这个话题产生了浓厚兴趣。
　　(关于“人造太阳”一词，记者在街上的随机采访 )
　　记者：一听到“人造太阳”这个词，你能想到的是什么？
　　市民1：又大又亮，又漂亮。
　　市民2：发电、发热？
　　市民3：像灯泡一样的吧。
　　市民4：玩具，给小孩玩的玩具。
　　市民5：应该是跟艺术有关的吧。
　　市民6：为人类提供能源的吧？这不是能源危机了嘛。
　　在记者随机采访的20多个人当中，没有人能够准确地说出人造太阳到底是怎么回事，在大多数人眼中，人造太阳就是人类复制的一个新太阳。“人造太阳”真的是能够挂在天上的新太阳吗？它究竟是个什么样子？中国刚刚调试成功的“人造太阳”实验装置又是什么呢？这个答案也许只有亲自造太阳的人知道。
　　主持人：今天我们就请到了在这个问题上最有发言权的，这个项目的负责人万元熙教授，万教授您好。刚才的答案五花八门，有人说肯定是很大很亮，有人说像灯泡一样，有人说可能是给小孩制造的玩具，但是真正人造太阳的样子是什么样，
　　万元熙：引起人们误解的就是现在在等离子物理所经过八年的艰苦奋斗努力，终于建造了一个全超导的托克马克试验装置。
　　主持人：这个装置如果成功的话，就是将来的人造太阳的样子吗？
　　万元熙：基本上就是这样，但是它更大。
　　主持人：这个给人感觉就是一个超大的锅炉的样子，根本和我们现在看到的天上的太阳不相干，能不能简单地这么理解，之所以称作人造太阳，就是它产生能量的原理和太阳产生能量的原理是一样的，所以这样叫？
　　万元熙：对，太阳是发出强大的光，辐射到宇宙空间当中去，太阳上面这么巨大的能量来自于什么？来自于核聚变反应。
　　主持人：通过像太阳一样的核聚变反应发电，就是未来的人造太阳？
　　万元熙：对。
　　在太阳的中心，温度高达1500万摄氏度，气压达到3000多亿个大气压，在这样的高温高压条件下，氢原子核聚变成氦原子核，并放出大量能量。几十亿年来，太阳犹如一个巨大的核聚变反应装置，无休止地向外辐射着能量。
　　核聚变能是两个较轻的原子核结合成一个较重的原子核时释放的能量，产生聚变的主要燃料之一是氢的同位素氘。氘广泛的分布在水中，每一升水中约含有30毫克氘，通过聚变反应产生的能量相当于300升汽油的热能。采集氘并使之与相关物质聚变产生能量，就是人造太阳的原理。
　　根据科学家的分析，如果我们未来能建成一座1000兆瓦的核聚变电站，每年只需要从海水中提取304公斤的氘就可以产生1000兆瓦的电量，照此计算，地球上仅在海水中就含有的45万亿吨氘，足够人类使用上百亿年，比太阳的寿命还要长。
　　1952年，当第一颗氢弹爆炸之后，人类制造核聚变反应成为现实，但那只是不可控制的瞬间爆炸。从那个时候开始，科学家们一直在寻找途径，把氢弹爆炸在某个试验装置上面加以控制地让它发生，然后源源不断地取出它的核聚变能。50多年的时间过去了，这个梦想一直没能实现。
　　主持人：氢弹是瞬间的，这个能持续不断地让它产生能量。
　　万元熙：对，因此我们把我们的研究称为可以控制的受控热核聚变反应，这种反应在两条途径当中正在迅速地发展，一条途径就是造出各式各样的磁容器来，其中有一类磁容器叫做托克马克，正是在这一类的托克马克聚变装置上面，在世界上经过60年的努力，已经取得了巨大的成功，在这种装置上已经可以把氘氚的聚变燃料加热到四亿到五亿度的高温区，然后在这么高的温度下就发生了大量的聚变反应。在世界上最大的托克马克装置欧洲联合环上面已经获得了最大的聚变功率输出，到了16到17兆瓦，但是都只能短暂地运行，也就是这个磁笼只能存在几秒、十几秒钟，因此你加热到实现聚变反应也只有几秒钟的短暂时间。
　　主持人：而我们追求的是连续不断地？
　　万元熙：对，所以说一方面获得了巨大进展，另外一方面能否走向稳态运行，这是未来的聚变反应堆所需要的。
　　主持人：您刚才讲的这些内容当中，特别常提到的一个词就是稳态，是不是这次的装置最大的进展就在于此？
　　万元熙：对，这个装置最大的特点就是为了把托克马克已经取得的巨大进展过渡到稳态运行，为未来实现真正的人造小太阳做出重要的贡献。
　　主持人：它能不能实现这个效果，就现在还不知道呢，是吗，要到七八月份让它运转一次才知道它能不能实现相对持续时间的输出能量。
　　万元熙：我们未来七八月份是全部把装置装好以后，仅仅是开始了物理实验，这个物理实验已经引起了全世界同行的很大关注，给予了极高的兴趣，原因就是到目前为止，这将是第一个全超导的，可以稳态运行的一个托克马克装置。
　　主持人：现在其实进行到这个阶段，就是把这个装置要进行实验，还不见得这是能发电的太阳，可是却做了非常多的宣传，人们以为人造太阳要升空了，这一个进展意义究竟有多大？
　　万元熙：这是一个相当大的误解，就是在全世界目前所有的聚变装置，包括最大的也不能称之为是人造太阳，已经建成的人造太阳，但是所有这些装置上面的研究的各式各样的结果，都会为未来建造真实的受控热核聚变反应堆，聚变能电站做出重要的贡献，奠定工程和物理的基础，没有这些工程和物理的基础，不可想象未来可以建造一个真实的聚变反应电站。
　　距离当年的氢弹爆炸50多年的时间过去了，尽管世界上许多国家建起了核电站，人类还是没有看到一座核聚变发电站的出现。但是核聚变电站的诱人前景依然是人们心中一个割舍不去的梦。50年来，全世界都在为建立一个能够控制核聚变的装置而努力。在30多个国家建造的大大小小上百个实验装置上，每一次放电时间的延长，人们都为之兴奋；每一次温度的提高，人们都为之欢呼；因为这看似小小的进步，都意味着我们离聚变能的应用更近了一步。
　　主持人：其实我们也知道，比方说核电站，这不是都已经存在了吗，那样的核电和未来的人造太阳发的核电的区别是什么呢？
　　万元熙：现在的裂变电站有两个问题，一个问题，地球上所蕴藏的铀矿，作为铀的燃料也只能用60年左右，这是1998年世界能源组织公布的数据。
　　主持人：也有用完的一天，而且并不长。
　　万元熙：对。另外一个相当大的问题，在使用铀矿的过程当中产生一些高放射性的废物，这些废物的寿命非常之长，就是几千上万年它仍然是有放射性的，对人类的环境会造成另外一种污染。但是聚变能源恰恰不同，因为它的燃料来自于海水当中，藏量非常丰富，如果一升海水等同于三百公升汽油，您可以想象，人类的一次性的能源将是无穷尽的。
　　主持人：一升海水怎么等于三百公升的汽油？
　　万元熙：三百升汽油，原因就是在一升海水当中含有氢的同位素氘，如果你把它提取出来，放到未来的人造太阳当中发生聚变反应，放出来的能量等同于燃烧三百公升的汽油的能量。
　　主持人：感觉像是一个无本生意一样的。
　　万元熙：对，这时候人类，第一，不会为可持续发展而操心。第二，不会为能源的短缺发生政治的、军事的各式各样的冲突，最重要的是不会因为使用化石燃料以及其它的燃料，把一个本来应当干干净净的地球变得非常脏，污染得非常厉害。特别是中国，因为中国是世界上发展最快的国家，能源的需求将成为非常大的一个严重的问题，像您刚才在开头所说的，油价又涨了，从两块多现在涨到了四块多，不仅仅是油价涨，以后没有了怎么办？不仅仅是没有的问题，像北京的空气污染，中国地球的污染，使用煤，使用汽油，这个污染多么严重，所以说为我们子孙万代未来的幸福生活着想，为人类的可持续发展着想，聚变研究再困难，我也呼吁各级领导所有的年轻人，有志于真实地为中国的兴旺发达，为人类的可持续发展做出贡献的科技工作者，或者年轻人，加入到我们这个行当当中来。
　　主持人：研究一个产生聚变反应的装置就花了几十年的时间，研究这个产品聚变反应的装置就花了人类几十年的时间，人类刚刚想到利用聚变产生能源的时候，有没有预料到这个工程这么困难？
　　万元熙：当氢弹一旦爆炸成功的时候，当时在全世界，当时的苏联和美国都以绝密的形式进行着聚变能的受控热核聚变能的研究，因为原子弹一爆炸以后，十几年的工夫就研制出来了裂变电站，人们就可以用原子弹的裂变能量，氢弹一爆炸，巨大的无限的清洁能源我们即将获得，所以说这些国家都认为氢弹爆炸了，是不是我们也可以用五年、十年或者十五年的时间造出一个聚变能电站。
　　主持人：那时候估计还是很乐观的。
　　万元熙：对，非常乐观，所以处在绝密的状况，绝密不是军事上的原因，是因为商业的利益太巨大了，对人类的可持续发展太重要了，但是事实上，当所有这些国家从事这些绝密的研究数年、十多年以后就发现太困难了，所以最后受控热核聚变的研究，目前在全世界是最广泛的国际合作的研究项目，是完全不保密的。主持人：究竟碰到了什么呢？
　　万元熙：原因就是聚变的条件必须实现极高的温度，加热燃料到亿万度的高温，这个燃料在亿万度高温下面约束到一个局部的小空间当中，这个本身太复杂了，如果你加热到上亿度的高温，什么样物质的器皿能够盛装上亿度的高温燃料，耐火砖是绝对不行的，不锈钢也绝对不行，所以你必须要用特殊的方式来约束极高温度的聚变燃料。
　　主持人：不是一种具体的什么物体、什么物质了，而是一种方法本身成为一种固定它的方式，这个装置。
　　万元熙：如果说我们没有物质的器皿能盛装上亿度高温的高温等离子体聚变燃料，我们可否用磁场构造一个磁的容器，来盛装约束极高温度的聚变燃料，这就是托克马克这一种类型的磁约束聚变装置，它就是用这个装置外面大量大的线圈和磁体产生一个环形的磁容器，在这个磁容器里面约束、加热聚变的燃料，让它发生聚变反应。
　　主持人：从开始进行这个研究到今天取得这个阶段性的成果，用了人类多少年的时间？
　　万元熙：自从过去的60年来，将近有一百个大大小小的托克马克，证实所有的托克马克，你贡献这一点，我贡献那一点，你有这个特点，我有那个特点，使得我们敢于去建造越来越大的托克马克聚变装置。
　　主持人：研究这个装置就用去了60年的时间，可以这么说吗？
　　万元熙：以及它上面的试验研究。
　　主持人：60年到今天。
　　万元熙：对，将近60年。
　　对于很多人来说，中国“人造太阳”的研制是个爆炸性新闻，但是对于万元熙而言，这项工作很早就已经开始了。我国科学家在上个世纪50年代中期就开始了可控核聚变的研究，1984年中国核工业总公司西南物理研究院曾经建成中国最大的研究核聚变的托克马克装置。今年3月，万元熙所在的中科院等离子物理研究所的“人造太阳”实验装置调试成功，意味着能够稳态运行的实验装置已经具备实验能力。
　　采访中科院等粒子物理研究所所长李建刚：我们这一代的科学家已经做了50年还没有完成这件事情，并不是说我们这些人太笨，因为这件事情太难了，难到靠任何一个国家的财力、物力和科学技术都不可能达到。我最大的愿望就是希望在我有生之年能够看到一个灯泡是用聚变能点亮的，但是客观的讲，也许这种愿望实现不了，因为它太难了。
　　虽然万元熙他们研制的“人造太阳”实验装置还没有进行真正的核聚变实验，但是他们的调试成功已经得到了国际聚变界的关注和称赞。在万元熙看来，和30年前他们刚刚开始这项研究相比，国际聚变界态度的转变让他颇有感触。
　　主持人：在什么样的场合下，您最能感受到这种变化，这种被人尊敬，被人认可的变化？
　　万元熙：特别是当我们的全超导托克马克工程调试成功，过去当我们跟别的国家讨论着国际交流和合作的时候，某些国家的官员们总是这么说，我们跟你没合作，没有什么可获得的，现在不一样，世界上最著名的许多研究所都主动、积极地要求跟中国科学院等离子体物理研究所，跟中国磁约束聚变界进行广泛的合作，所以说十多年以来，随着国力的强盛和国家的开放，一批有才干的聚变人才在中国已经迅速成长起来了，这对中国未来聚变研究是太至关重要了。因为中国的聚变研究不是一代人能够实现的，人造太阳的梦不是一代人能够把它完成的，而这个梦要几代人连续不断地努力才能够变为现实。
　　主持人：刚才这位所长应该比您还年轻多了，他都说他的有生之年可能看不到一个灯泡发电是靠核聚变这个电能产生的。
　　万元熙：但是您想一想，当我们宣传受控热核聚变重要的时候，许多官员们或者领导们都会紧接着问我，我们什么时候能拿到聚变能，我们什么时候能够发电，我要告诉他们说，可能还要三十到五十年的时间，哦，看来是太长了。我要说的是，跟整个人类历史发展的长河相比较，三十年、五十年算什么，五十年的工夫中国已经发生了翻天覆地的变化，如果三十到五十年我们能够一劳永逸地解决人类可持续发展最重要的清洁能源，无限的清洁能源，三十到五十年极其困难，不成为任何问题。
　　主持人：开始的时候人类对研究聚变能表示很乐观，五六年、十年可能就能成功，那您刚刚投入这个事业的时候，您怎么想的，您预想也是十几年就能获得成功？
　　万元熙：我从来没认为这项研究能够在十几年当中就能成功，我认为这项研究是极其艰巨的，原因是我们的目标是要到五千万度到数亿度的高温，在我投入这个装置的时候，在托克马克这类装置上面，刚刚得到一个爆炸性的新闻，俄罗斯制造的T3托克马克装置上面获得了上百万度的高温，就使整个世界聚变界非常欢欣鼓舞，可是百万度离上亿度，离千万度，那还差得很远。聚变研究是一个从基础研究到工程技术的发展，到相当大规模的建立电站，这是一个非常复杂的系统工程，它既要基础的物理研究结果的支持，更需要许多高科技技术的支持，可是我坚信，这个研究哪怕是再用三十年、五十年也是对人类的可持续发展太值得了。
　　主持人：在三十多年前，您投身这个事业的时候，您就知道，即便到自己退休也不见得能看到成果。
　　万元熙：那肯定无疑的。
　　主持人：可是人们在做事的时候总是希望自己能够亲眼见到成果，它才更有动力，如果知道我都可能看不见这个成果的时候，这个动力是来自于什么？
　　万元熙：我想整个聚变界都是如此，所以一方面我们整个国际聚变界要齐心协力，共同加以研究。另外一方面我们要培养新的年轻人才，我们要争取各个国家给予这项研究越来越大的支持，因为这也是不容易的事情。
　　主持人：现在年轻人面临的很多问题是很现实的，他投入到一个领域当中，他总希望能够今天看见成果，或者明天能够写论文，如果这个事业不能够提供给他们很多东西，他们还愿意来吗？
　　万元熙：以一种浮躁的心态去急功近利，去哗众取宠，那不叫科学研究，如果你有志于从事真实的对人类有意义的科学研究，你就应当耐得住寂寞，不要为名和利所诱惑，受控热核聚变就是这样一个研究，它对人类的未来如此重要，如果仅是为了急功近利，如果仅仅是为了个人的得失，那我觉得这项研究也许不适合于你。
　　主持人：您说这是一项要耐得住寂寞的事业，这几十年当中您所体会到的寂寞是什么呢？
　　万元熙：中国科学院等离子体物理研究所如果有机会，真想邀请你去访问一下，我们安徽合肥跟北京和上海相比，跟广州相比，相对来讲欠发达一些，尽管现在的省市领导全力以赴在推进经济的发展，所以非常多的人才在开头的20年前都到国外去了，相当多的人才能够到北京，绝对不留在合肥，能够到上海，也绝对不留在合肥，所以在整个我们所成长的过程当中，各人有各人的想法和意向，有的到北京去了，有的到上海去了，有的到其它地方，有的出国了，也不回来。
　　主持人：您是因为做这个领域的研究，知道里边的道理，所以觉得三十年、五十年很正常，你值得付出这个代价，但是当您跟外界这样解释的时候，人们都能理解吗？
　　万元熙：每年5月份我们都有所谓所的开放日，非常多的父母带着自己年轻的孩子来访问，这短短两天的时间之内有几万人来访问，他们教育着他们的孩子，了解着、认识着受控热核聚变，了解着、认识着什么是科学，什么是非常有用的科学，现在哪怕是百分之几的年轻的孩子们受到这种熏陶，认识到这种科学研究是非常重要的，加入到我们的行列当中就非常高兴，何况是中国政府对聚变研究现在给予了越来越大的支持，越来越强的支持，这是一个最美好的前提条件。
　　主持人：对这样一个三五十年可能看不见成果的一个研究项目，有没有人不理解呢？
　　万元熙：我觉得现在对受控热核聚变研究对人类未来的重要性，没有人不理解，只是说在某个阶段应当用多大的财力、物力来支持这项研究，有不同的争论，这是我个人的看法，但是这没有关系，尽管大家有不同的看法，但是对受控热核聚变研究要给予越来越强，越来越大的支持是非常重要的。
　　主持人：可以理解，这是一个特别耗费人力、物力、时间的一项事业，就是很费钱，费钱费到什么程度？
　　万元熙：比如说未来一个聚变，国际聚变界在托克马克已经取得巨大成功的基础上，曾经从1984年开始联合进行下一个试验聚变堆的设计和研究，具有几个不同的版本，第一个版本是这个试验反应堆要用一百亿才能把它建造起来，整个国际聚变界，各国政府都觉得钱太多了，所以改成第二个版本，要用五十亿去建造，现在已经得到了各个国家政府的批准，中国已经决定加入到这个当中来。所以说用五十亿仅仅建造一个试验反应堆，这个试验反应堆将可以产生500到700兆瓦的聚变功力，但它还不是一个真实的经济、实用的人造太阳。
　　主持人：现在做研究，每天从您手里花掉的钱有多少？
　　万元熙：在上个月我们进行试验调试的时候，大概一天的电费，直接或者间接消耗的电费就是五万人民币左右，还没有算其它的备用部，易损件的补充、更替和人力。今后如果正常运行起来，起码这样一个装置每天的运行和试验的费用应当在十万左右。
　　主持人：每过一天24小时，十万块钱不见了。这个项目这么烧钱，对您有压力吗？
　　万元熙：我觉得当然有压力，尽管科学研究允许失败，但是这么大一个工程项目，我觉得你必须要成功，如果成功了，你所使用的这些经费就完全值得，如果你不成功，那么至少获得了很多教训，非常幸运的是，我们的工程调试非常成功，我相信这一项工程项目建设一个稳态运行的试验平台的装置本身，95%的成功把握已经具备，这也是一旦听到我们工程调试成功的消息之后，几乎是世界上主要研究所著名科学家们都纷纷来电，对我们表示祝贺。而且今年10月份将到我们所来参加我们第二次国际顾问委员会，这就是说我们花了很多的钱得到了非常好的回报。
　　主持人：今天您跟我讲这么多，我觉得您特别希望我们能够理解核聚变反应是怎么回事，理解这项事业的困难和前景都在哪儿，凡是能够向外界去讲这些的时候，您都很看重这样讲的机会，为什么？
　　万元熙：原因是聚变研究是这么一项重要的工作，又是这么难宣传的工作，而且做起来是非常艰难的工作。另外一方面，聚变研究在过去60年全世界的共同努力下，又取得了这么大的进展，可是人们一说进展的时候就觉得我们明天可以得到了人造太阳，当我们说这件事情碰到了巨大挑战的时候，这件事情纯粹是梦想，不能实现，所以说宣传这个聚变研究，让各方面的人都能够理解这项工作，给予稳定的、长期的更坚定不移的支持，这是非常重要的，是对人类的可持续发展，对中国持续、高速发展将是太重要了，幸好，我们国家的领导人是越来越意识到这个重要性。
　　主持人：我听我们的编导跟我说，说您跟她讲，做完这次节目您就准备回去退休了，如果真退休了，做了几十年的事业就能够把它放下吗？
　　万元熙：在我还有能力的时候，我还能够工作的时候，我将以各种不同的方式，不用直接参与的方式，各种不同的方式来支持聚变研究事业，因为我觉得这个梦想没有实现，是我们人类共同的梦想，我们一定要为实现这个梦想做出自己力所能及的贡献，而且我相信这个梦想一定会成功，一定会实现。
　　主持人：一定能成功？
　　万元熙：一定的，因为人类需要。
　　央视新闻频道《新闻会客厅》播出时间：
　　每周一至周四晚20：30-21：00
　　《新闻会客厅》周五特别节目《决策者说》播出时间：
　　周五晚20：20--21：00
　　新闻会客厅 会见新闻当事人，敬请收看

来源: 21世纪经济报道


龙芯二号CPU(IT技术领域)

由北京神州龙芯集成电路设计有限公司研制，是我国唯一完全自主知识产权的CPU，突破了国外厂家垄断的局面，使国内用户不再完全依赖英、美的CPU，而能使用安全、高性能的民族产品，给国防、科技安全作出了贡献，并带动了中国电子产业的发展。




方正报业数字资产管理系统(IT技术领域)

由北大方正集团自主研发，该系统实现了报业数字资产的高效一体化生产和经营管理，研制了多种新技术和多项发明专利，攻克了多项业界难题，填补了国内空白，实现了报业行业“甩掉纸与笔”的历史变革，总体技术水平超过国际先进水平。



百度贴吧(IT技术领域)

由百度在线网络技术(北京)有限公司研制，是一种基于搜索关键词的主题交流社区，适应了互联网新的发展趋势，创新采用用户驱动型的网络服务，以关键词为最广泛的讨论主题，强调用户自主参与和创造，聚集了网络各种庞大的兴趣群体进行有效交流。



联想智能手机ET960(IT技术领域)

是联想移动通信科技有限公司在2004年底推出的一款高端智能电脑手机，在当时智能手机领域中取得了“三个第一”的突破，并获得了有“工业设计奥斯卡”之称的美国最佳产品设计奖，为中国企业赢得了前所未有的关注与尊重。



支付宝(IT技术领域)

是阿里巴巴旗下浙江支付宝网络科技有限公司开发设计的一个提供担保功能的第三方支付平台，已拥有超过800万会员，在目前中国金融服务及网络安全并不十分完善的环境下，最大程度地保证了网上交易的安全，大大促进了中国电子商务的健康发展。



TCL·SHE女性PC(IT技术领域)

由TCL电脑科技(深圳)有限公司研制，是全球首款女性PC，从设计理念到产品定位都围绕女性需求进行了创新，首次为PC打上了鲜明的性别烙印，是PC发展史上的一个重要里程碑。



多普达838手机(IT技术领域)

由国内第一家生产智能手机的厂商———武汉多普达通讯有限公司研制，既实现了手机的通讯功能，还能实现信息整理、信息管理等数据功能，开创了国内智能手机的先河，并引导国内手机竞争从低端的价格、模仿形式转变为高端的产品应用竞争。



Xplus(数码杂志发行平台，IT技术领域)

由新数通兴业科技(北京)有限公司研制，是世界上第一个数码杂志发行平台，实现了数码杂志的大批量传输，可在杂志出版时主动传输至读者PC，并通过自主研发的RS系统，实现了读者阅读行为的记录和读者问卷的收集。



海尔变频A8双动力洗衣机(消费品领域)

是由青岛海尔洗衣机有限公司以双动力技术为基础，开发出的世界第四种洗衣机。它同时采用了不用洗衣粉洗衣和变频双动力两项专利技术，在第95届法国列宾国际发明展览会上夺得了唯一一个国际发明金奖，创造了中国家电产品先例，开创了环保洗衣的新纪元。



小天鹅水魔方洗衣机(消费品领域)

由无锡小天鹅股份有限公司研制，独创的水魔方循环水流系统，率先攻克了世界波轮洗衣机缠绕难题，创造性地设置搅拌水流、冲浪水流、360o强力喷瀑水流，集波轮、滚筒洗衣机优点于一身，减少衣物磨损，充分满足用户不同洗衣要求。



佰草集中草药护理产品(消费品领域)

由上海家化联合股份有限公司研制，是中国第一套完整意义上的中草药个人护理产品。佰草集依据中医平衡理论，采用名贵中草药为添加剂，促进了中草药美容理念的发展,其研制的足部护理，香熏护理，颈部护理等产品更开创了国内先河。观唐花园(房地产及环境规划领域)

由博华紫光置业有限公司设计规划，是依据中国传统居住文化精髓而创造的真正属于中国人的中式别墅，采用中式庭院作为表达中国生活方式的主要载体，发扬了传统建筑文化风格，在格局、功能、内涵上均有别于当前其他别墅项目，形成了独特的中国居住文化意境。




奇瑞ACTECO发动机(交通设备领域)

是由奇瑞汽车有限公司历时三年设计出的具有自主知识产权的发动机，采用了世界一流水平的节能环保新技术，起步加速异常凌厉，2.0升排量相当于2.4升的动力，性能可与世界级高级轿车的发动机相媲美。




“春夏秋冬”外汇理财产品(金融领域)

是中国银行股份有限公司上海市分行独

创的全新个人外汇投资理财产品，由一系列固定期限、固定收益的理财合约组成，以其“结构简单、投资灵活、收益可靠”等鲜明的特征取得了较好的市场品牌效应，累计销量已超过5亿美元。




中信南方基金联名卡(金融领域)

是由中信银行信用卡中心推出的国内首张基金联名信用卡，将国外“基金账户开支票”

的功能巧妙地移植到信用卡上，创造了投资、消费两兼顾的理财生活新境界，是国内首创的新型综合金融服务，并获得了VISA国际组织颁发的“2005年度金融产品结合创新奖”。

中国专利申请量大增 成为世界第十大专利申请国


　　世界知识产权组织(WIPO)3日公布的资料称，中国以2452项专利领先加拿大、意大利和澳大利亚，首次成为世界第十大专利申请国，这一数字比前年增加44%。

　　报道称，从各国情况来看，美国以申请专利4万5111项，稳居第一位，日本以2万5145项，继续居第二位，德国以1万5870项，排在第三位，其后依次为法国、英国、韩国、荷兰、瑞士、瑞典、中国。

　　WIPO指出，中国、日本的专利申请数量同2000年相比，分别增加212%和162%，韩国等东北亚三国的增长势头非常强劲。去年，世界各国通过PCT申请的专利数目共达13万4000项。

（摘自中经网 2006-02-06）

中国高新技术水平与世界差距一览

我国科技发展取得令人瞩目的成就。但“我国高新技术在国际上的地位如何，与世界领先国家有何差距”是广大科技界乃至全社会关心的问题。为此，科技部《技术预测与国家关键技术选择》研究组以及各高校、研发机构、企业和产业部门共 600多位专家对我国信息、生命科学与生物技术和新材料领域218个项目的研发水平进行评价，完成了一份调研报告。报告显示，在这218个项目中，有1项我国领先，27项与世界领先国家处于同等水平。

纳米研究基因技术国际前沿

以纳米碳管为代表的准一维纳米材料及其阵列体系、在非水热合成纳米材料方面处于国际领先地位。纳米基础研究如纳米及纳米复合材料领域，研究开发金属、陶瓷、玻璃和聚合物方面的纳米材料；研究纳米氧化物、半导体和金属的单个纳米粒子；反映不同材料界面的纳米涂层；新型的纳米功能材料等方面，我国的研发水平已与领先国家持平。


此外，我国的基因组测序、人类功能基因组研究、转基因技术、分子标记、动物体细胞克隆等前沿技术也与发达国家处于同等水平。

通信领域基础好研发能力强

专家分析，我国在通信领域重视对技术的引进、消化与吸收，较快的形成了一定的产业规模，产业研发基础好，研发能力强，多项技术达到国际先进水平，如下一代网络体系结构、城域网平台技术、宽带接入技术、TD－SCDMA与增强型3G等。


在通信制造业方面，自20世纪90年代以来相继出现了群体突破，涌现了以中国普天、华为、烽火、大唐、巨龙、金鹏、港湾等为代表的一批高技术通信制造业公司，打破了国外公司对高技术通信设备的垄断，不仅拥有了全线的通信产品，在程控交换机（含移动交换机）、SDH／DWDM传输设备以及蜂窝移动通信设备等重要领域已开始在国内占有优势地位。


在第三代移动通信设备（3G）、光网络、核心交换路由器、下一代网络（NGN）等技术上，我国越来越多的参与国际通信标准的制定，并在开发具有自主知识产权的核心技术等方面有了更多表现。移动通信领域方面，我国提出了具有自主知识产权的TD－SCDMA国际标准，为我国在第三代移动通信领域实现技术和产业跨越式发展提供了契机。光通信方面，我国紧跟国际前沿，开展了各种光通信技术的研究。报告中说，中国已成为世界上为数不多的几个能研制生产全线光通信产品的国家之一。


工农业生物技术整体水平高

我国一贯重视发展农业生物技术。近10年来，以生物技术为代表的高新技术群在我国农业领域的应用和推广取得了显著成果，我国农业生物技术整体水平在发展中国家处于领先地位，有些技术已进入国际先进行列，如植物转基因、主要农作物分子标记和生物技术新品种以及优质、高产转基因农作物新品种等。



报告指出，当前资源和能源消耗高、环境污染严重已成为我国经济可持续发展的严重障碍，而工业生物技术是解决资源和过程两大问题的重要手段。我国和发达国家在该领域的研究基本处于同一起跑点，如我国用微生物法生产丙稀酰胺的生产技术，无论在规模还是在水平上均处于国际领先地位。为解决我国能源短缺和粮食阶段性供大于求的问题，我国正在开展燃料酒精计划。工业生物技术的研究，将有利于我国两大支柱工业：化学工业和医药工业的产业升级和国际竞争力的提升。同时，可再生生物原料的利用将带动和促进农业产业化发展，提高农民收入。越来越多的事实表明，工业生物技术是正处在突破边缘的重要科技领域。


计算机信息安全等落后

近年来，我国在巨型计算机的研制方面取得了很大进展，先后研制成功了“银河”、“曙光”和“神威”系列高性能计算机，使我国在世界高性能计算机领域占有一席之地。但专家认为我国在关键的核心技术和巨型计算机应用方面还比较落后。迄今为止，我国PC制造所使用的核心技术和主要零部件几乎全部源于国外，其中绝大部分源于美国，不仅产品附加值较低，而且在很多方面受制于人，存在安全隐患。


在软件方面专家认为，我国基础软件薄弱，缺少具有竞争力的核心技术；基础研究团队分散，没有形成整体实力；行业软件存在技术含量低的问题。软件产业规模小，与国际同行的竞争能力弱。据统计，2000年，我国软件产业总额仅占全球软件业总额的1.2％，约是美国的1／40、印度的1／15、日本的 1／8。软件企业整体实力还很弱，高级软件人才较少，虽然全国软件企业有5000家，但拥有1000人以上的企业不到1％。

互联网技术上，我国一直跟随国外，走了一些弯路，整体上仍与国外存在较大差距。主要表现在缺乏网络核心技术和创新能力，包括网络传输速率、网络安全技术、网络服务质量、网络通信性能等方面。


音视频核心技术国外垄断

目前，我国音、视频行业基本掌握了产品的设计技术和生产制造技术，能自行设计、制造中、低档产品，已成为名副其实的生产、制造大国和出口大国。该领域的飞速发展，带动了相关产业发展，如模具制造技术、精密机械制造技术、微电子技术、光机电技术、冶金技术、化工技术等。但我国高端产品专利技术少，关键技术均掌握在国外大公司手中，因此我国产品进入国际市场的利润空间受到严重制约，如DVD激光视盘机利润很低，高档彩电也面临专利技术的困扰。其次，音、视频产品的关键器件仍依靠进口，特别是专用超大规模集成电路、关键的显示器件（如PDP屏、LCD屏等）我们还不能自主开发和生产，其专用集成电路95％以上靠进口，PDP和LCD显示屏仍被国外公司垄断。



医药生物技术快速发展

据统计，2000年我国生物技术产品总销售额大约为200亿元人民币，其中医药、保健产品（包括基因工程药物、疫苗、诊断试剂、部分抗生素、药用氨基酸、维生素、血液制品、生化药物和部分功能食品）约为90亿元，占总销售额的45％。我国已有13类（19种）基因工程药物和疫苗获得批准上市，其中在全球销售额前10位的基因工程药物有8种。此外，诊断试剂产品约30亿元人民币。尽管目前医药生物技术产品的销售额仅占医药工业总销售的6％左右，但医药生物技术的增长速度远远高于医药行业总体发展速度，显示出旺盛的生命力。


我国中医药的研发有传统的优势。经过多年努力，我国在天然药物原料制备方面已经达到国际先进水平。在抗击“非典”的斗争中，重大及感染性疾病的快速检测与诊断也得到较快发展。


近年来，人体植入材料等具有良好生物相容性的先进生物医用材料在发达国家发展迅速，且市场巨大。生物传感器材可广泛应用于生物医学工程、临床诊断、环境检测、军事和军事医学等领域。这类技术在我国的发展时间较短，拥有知识产权的产品很少，差距较大。


集成电路研发能力较低

目前国内生产的晶片大多数属于低档技术，比世界主流科技落后5年左右。据统计，2001年，我国有70％以上的公司使用0.35微米及以上的制作工艺，与世界主流技术0.18微米制程技术差一个档次。报告中说，我国集成电路产业规模较小，2000年国内生产的芯片销售额仅占世界市场总额的 1.5％，占国内市场的20％，近两年还有下降趋势。技术创新开发能力还比较薄弱，设计、工艺、设备、材料、应用、市场的开发能力不够，其结果是今天受制于人，明天后劲乏力。集成电路人才严重短缺，以IC人才为例，美国拥有40万人，而我国仅有3000到4000人。近年来发展较快的纳米集成电路研发技术，如亚100纳米的集成电路开发、设计与加工平台，10纳米CMOS技术等，以及集成电路生产技术，如高密度集成电路封装，半导体材料的制备等方面，一直是我国的薄弱环节。


我国在CPU的研发方面取得了一些喜人的成绩，如2002年“龙芯”CPU的研制，为改变我国信息产业无“芯”局面迈出了重要的步伐。高性能嵌入式32位微处理器？？？“神威I号”研制成功，也跨越式的提升了国内处理器的技术水平。但专家认为我国CPU的核心技术自主研发能力与国际先进水平还相差6 －10年。

航天材料研发力度应加强

我国用于国防、航空航天、先进交通工具的低成本高性能材料与领先国家相差6－10年。低成本高性能的金属基先进复合材料和树脂基复合材料、超高温先进复合材料、高性能特种纤维、特种工程塑料、轻合金（铝、镁合金）等是航空、航天、电子信息、先进交通工具、国防等高技术领域必不可少的材料。在这些领域，我国应加大研发力度。



环保材料新型建材待发展

我国满足环境保护和可持续发展需要的技术落后于发达国家。废弃资源的回收与再生利用技术正日益得到世界各国的高度重视。目前，我国一般工业企业缺乏环境意识，社会居民对回收工程缺乏正确理解，我国环保法律与相应的税收制度还不够健全，回收技术的水平与国外相比有较大差距。


此外，与国民经济发展紧密相关的新型建筑材料与领先国家相差6－10年，拟突破的关键技术主要为高性能、低成本、低消耗的新型建材及制备技术，以固体废弃物和废旧建材为原料的建材回收利用和再生，以及大型建筑的修补强化技术。这些技术对我国可持续发展意义深远。


通过调研报告看出，我国高新技术研发基础较为薄弱，专家认为我国在高新技术领域的研发水平总体落后领先国家5年左右。那么今后我国应选择什么样的发展途径呢？专家表示，在所评价的218个项目中，有124个项目应由我国自主开发，另外94项我国应以联合开发的形式开展研究，因此，自主研发和联合开发并举是我国技术发展的主要途径。

其实中国跟发达国家差距最大的并不是IT,生物医药等新行业,而是机械工业,装备制造等所谓的传统行业!

High Technology:China or India

2006-04-26 07:52:54 　


　　 中国本土彩电生产商正在经历着一场痛苦而胜算无望的价格鏖战。大多数市场人士
预测，在即将到来的五一黄金销售季，价格血拼仍将继续。
　　
　　 从冬天到春天，国内各大卖场的平板电视价格一路狂跌，主流产品降幅都超过了20
％，个别产品的价格甚至下调了40％。

　　 与此同时，本土彩电生产商的市场占有率却连续下跌。去年10月，本土企业平板电
视销量的市场占有率在80％左右，到今年2月已经下降到68％。而在最具前瞻性的上海地
区市场，这个数字已经下降到42％。

　　 消费者为下调的价格窃喜，但彩电生产企业却苦不堪言。“还没挣到钱，就开始担
心亏损了。”一位彩电企业销售经理对记者透露，彩电行业进入“平板时代”刚刚一年
，行业利润已经骤降至3％，某些企业平板电视利润甚至不到1％。

　　 “价格战”的惨烈，加剧了利润的急速摊薄。本土彩电企业的叹息声背后，是外资
品牌大举扩张的脚步。

　　 从传统的CRT电视（显像管电视）到平板电视（液晶或等离子显示器），电视机产
品面临重大转型。然而，在这个产业升级的关键时刻，中国做为全球CRT彩电产量最大的
生产国，其本土企业却在一夜间丧失了主导权。

　　 平板电视行业的利润成本分析已经不是秘密。大约来说，一台平板电视的“面板”
，也就是显示屏，占到成本的70％；机芯，也就是“模组”，占到成本的15％，这两个
核心部件占整机成本85％。糟糕的是，与日韩等外资企业相比，中国本土企业在这两类
核心部件上的生产能力几乎为零。

　　 在平板电视的上下游整个产业链中，本土彩电企业只能从剩下的15％的低端环节寻
找利润。这可以说是“利润低、赚钱难”的根本原因。

　　 “中国彩电工业犯了致命的战略失误”。资深家电行业分析人士刘步尘对记者表示
，长期以来，本土企业都不愿意在技术研发上“下苦功夫”，他们对研发总是敬而远之
，他们总是自诩“非常善于做市场”。现在，他们尝到了浮躁之恶果。

　　 生死“价格战”

　　 “价格战”的老手，如今被自己打造的营销利器所伤。

　　 始自去年元旦的平板电视价格大战，发动者并不是长于此道的本土彩电企业。相反
，是以索尼、松下、三星为首的外资品牌。这轮攻势，让过去一年平板彩电市场上零零
散散“小打小闹”的价格战相形见绌。

　　 很少有人想到，作为更新换代产品的平板电视，会在如此短的时间内进入“微利时
代”。两年前，平板电视行业的毛利率还高达50％。更早时候，一台42寸等离子电视曾
卖到6万元。

　　 那时候，彩电生产商把平板电视定位成“精品营销”。中怡康时代市场研究公司市
场研究总监彭煜对记者称，当时在平板电视市场流行的营销策略是，“不拼规模，卖的
数量少些，但利润要高些，大家都不想重复CRT时代的混战了”。然而，当整个产业都寄
望于通过平板电视实现“突围”的时候，“混战”还是不期而至。

　　 随着上游的“面板”生产规模扩大、成本降低，基本上都是通过进口核心部件生存
的本土企业，不约而同地意识到：平板电视正向成熟期过渡，因此必须拼抢市场份额。
只有把自己的规模做大，才能保证收益，也会在与上游面板供应商的谈判中把握主动。
“通过降价，把对手杀死，然后再称王。”厦华电子董事长郭则理这样总结彩电企业价
格战的动机。

　　 除了“价格战”，本土企业难道没有其他更有效的竞争策略了吗？答案几乎是肯定
的。长期跟踪研究彩电市场份额走势的彭煜说：“其实面对外资品牌的价格攻势，本土
企业也曾坚持不降价，但是市场占有率迅速下滑。”他说，“应战”，面临利润下降甚
至亏损；而“不应战”，结果就是本土彩电企业的“完败”。因此，“就算是火坑，也
要往下跳”。

　　 即便不能以阴谋论看待市场，外资品牌发动这一轮价格战也是恰逢其时。“外资品
牌打价格战，目的是要把CRT彩电驱逐出市场。”专门进行中日经济比较研究的独立学者
钟庆认为，由日韩企业主导的平板电视技术已经走向成熟，于是通过“价格战”大幅降
低市场门槛，强制性的推动产品更新换代，从而达到最大限度控制和占领市场的目标。

　　 其实，日本企业30年前就使用过类似的市场战略：当时日本彩电技术开始成熟，并
意图拓展世界市场，于是把过时的黑白电视技术转让给韩国企业；之后，日本企业迅速
地大幅度降低彩电价格，压缩黑白电视的市场空间，从而导致韩国电视企业彻底陷入困
境。“当时多亏中国市场刚刚起步，大批进口黑白显像管，才挽救了三星这样的韩国企
业。”钟庆说。

　　 如今，又一轮新旧交替的产业升级过程重演，“受害者”已经变成把引进技术捧为
圣经的中国本土企业。

　　 钟庆认为，在平板电视这个产业升级的关键时刻，中国本土企业的优势已经基本丧
失殆尽。一般来说，国产彩电需要比洋彩电便宜30％，才能赢得市场。10年前长虹就是
靠这30％的价格差，驱逐了洋彩电，赢得了市场霸主地位。“然而今天，核心部件完全
依靠进口，他们从哪里寻找30％的价差空间呢？”

　 核心技术缺失之痛

　　 本土彩电企业疲软的病根是“核心技术缺失”，这几乎成为业界的共识。

　　 “全球最大彩电生产国”的称誉，也只是针对即将过时的CRT彩电时代而言的。在
平板电视方面，2005年全球销量1500万台，而中国市场只销售了300万台，基本上属于次
级市场。另外，单从液晶平板电视看，2005年中国本土企业销售了180万台，而日本夏普
一个品牌在全球就卖了300万台。

　　 缺少技术话语权，产业链不完整，本土平板彩电企业就像瘸腿的运动员参加奥运会
。资深家电行业分析人士刘步尘说：“中国彩电业是典型的大而不强。”

　　 8年前，面对国内彩电市场持续不断的价格战，郭则理曾撰文呼吁，忽视自主创新
，仅靠低价格占领市场，将使“中国彩电工业在新一代彩电技术到来时，面临灭顶之灾
”。今天，他悲哀地发现，自己的预言竟然成真了。

　　 这位厦华电器的掌舵人对媒体说：“这些年国内企业争相降价，把几百亿元都投入
到了价格战中，哪有实力做技术研发？”这就是被彩电业称为“郭则理怪圈”的奇特现
象：过度依赖价格优势——在技术研发方面长期投入不足——微利——技术投入更少因
此更落后——利润更薄甚至亏损。

　　 钟庆对记者分析，在平板电视时代，“技术力优势”已远远超过“劳动力优势”，
从前能支持本土企业打价格战的廉价劳动力的所谓“比较优势”，已经难以发挥作用。
同时，中国企业又长期缺乏技术积累，企业发展后劲不足，更多陷入眼前利益，为市场
而市场，为利润而利润，所以“落后是必然的”。

　　 分析人士认为，中国虽是彩电制造大国，但有规模没效益，而且内部竞争过度，内
耗严重。信产部公布的统计数据显示，2005年在我国家电制造业平均利润为0．61％，而
厦华、海信、康佳等多家彩电巨头的企业净利润率已不足0．5％。在已经来临的“平板
时代”，本土企业除了为一点微薄的“加工组装费”而进行你死我活地争夺之外，整个
行业的绝大部分利润正迅速流向外资企业和品牌。

　　 政府缺位下的“市场失灵”

　　 也许不能过度批评中国本土企业忽视技术研发的“短视”行为。按世界平均水平，
投入一条第五代的液晶面板生产线需要15亿美元，第七代生产线更高达40亿美元。据称
，三星和索尼计划联合投资的第8代面板生产线可能要花费上百亿美元。这对于年平均利
润仅1亿美元的国内彩电企业来说，无异一个天文数字。

　　 指望单个企业、或有限几个企业联盟的“单打独斗”，实现核心技术的突破和升级
，已经证明是失败的。于是CRT时代的中国彩电工业崛起的经验开始被唤起。20年前,我
国政府实施“彩电国产化”重大工程，通过直接出资或发放银行贷款的形式投入150亿美
元，启动7大彩管厂、8大玻壳厂，随后各地引进100条以上彩电整机生产线，从而打造出
一个完整涵盖上下游的CRT产业链，奠定了彩电工业的根基。

　　 “10年前长虹因低价战略一举成名，就是因为背后有强大的产业链支持。”刘步尘
说，没有政府投资和政府扶持，中国根本实现不了CRT时代的辉煌。“然而，到了平板彩
电升级换代的关键时刻，政府行为消失了。”他不无遗憾的说。

　　 西安交通大学公共管理学院张胜博士认为，造成目前我国彩电企业困境的根本原因
是“政府缺位”。他指出：在美国，政府推动技术研发的方式，是通过国防采购对企业
和研发机构进行大笔投入；在欧盟，则由政府通过财政直接拨款或低息贷款对企业近期
“研发补贴”，而其运作过程中很多贷款最后甚至不用还；在韩国，政府更是通过银行
系统补贴企业研发，这种补贴都是强制性的，就算银行可能产生一些呆坏账，但企业掌
握了技术基础和发展优势，就能赢得长期利润，因此对国家来说也是合算的。

　　 多年来持续关注家电技术发展的张胜博士认为，近10年来，国人的基本思路是，摒
弃以前的计划手段，依靠市场实现产业发展。但实际的进程却是，旧的计划手段放弃了
，新的市场体系却不能一蹴而就建立起来。政府在“完全退出市场”过程中，却放弃了
其本来具有的支持产业发展的作用。

　　 张胜认为，那些以为仅仅通过市场竞争就能自动实现产业发展的观念具有“欺骗性
”，因为他们往往假设技术进步是能够免费获得的。“这怎么可能？不论是买技术，还
是自己研发，都是要大量投入的！”

　　 这就是郭则理所说的“市场失灵”：能够促使彩电行业在生存状态上取得突破的不
是市场，而是国家在集成电路、面板等彩电核心技术领域的布局和支持。

　　 “只做市场的裁判员和收税者，这样的政府是失职的政府。”钟庆说，即便现在日
本已是技术领先国家，政府在推动技术升级换代过程中仍然起主导角色。通常来说，基
础技术研发任务全部由政府承担，企业可以廉价甚至免费获得这些基础技术，通过自己
特定的开发和应用，再在市场中赢得利润。“政府在这方面几乎不计成本，暂时的亏损
根本不足以撼动国家推动技术进步的决心和意志”，他说：“日本资源匮乏，这恰恰逼
迫他们坚定不移地走技术立国之路。”


　　 而让中国彩电工业蒙羞的历史可能才刚刚开始。钟庆透露，目前日本政府已经跃过
平板电视，开始启动三维电视系统的基础研发，并争取到2020年实用化和产业化。他说
：“国内企业才刚刚立项研发平板，但也许从出生就注定了被淘汰的命运！”

不管如何，中国在人均1700USD的经济水平之上，能有这样的技术能力，应该还是说得过去的。像阿根廷这样的国家，虽然比中国富得多，而且基本是纯白人社会，也没见他们造出什么东西，呵呵。

其它的我不懂，但中国在半导体工业方面落后日本至少30年，光学元件25年左右

从中国的设备水平就看的出来，如日本80年代生产的步进光刻机(Stepper)，中国到现在还无法生产

实际上中国的科技水平只能说是有底子,但是距离美国日本差距很大.中国科技的底子是当年在西方接受严格训练的归国科学家打下的,中国叫得出名字的科学家,钱学森,苏步青等,哪个不是留洋的? 中国本地根本就没有形成相应的基础,知识分子是"之乎者也"居多,科技在民间的接受程度实际上并不高,特别是80年代'脑体倒挂",科学家的工资还不如开出租车的,很多科技人才流失,现在要好得多了,吃一堑长一智.现在那些办公司的终于意识到技术的重要性了,希望不晚.

This match has always been India's preoccupation. China ain't interested.

某些尖端科技上我们并不落后太少但总体来说相差很远

这是全超导托卡马克EAST（原名HT━7U）核聚变实验装置（又称“人造太阳”）（3月14日摄）。近日，由中国自行设计、研制的世界上第一个全超导托卡马克EAST（原名HT━7U）核聚变实验装置（又称“人造太阳”）已成功完成首次工程调试。调试中，最受关注的低温调试和磁体通电测试获得通过，为年内运行及国家验收奠定了可靠基础。
http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2006-03/24/xin_3120303240713156136385.jpg
http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2006-03/24/xin_3120303240713312325066.jpg
http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2006-03/24/xinsrc_592020305220159321217252.jpg
2006年2月4日拍摄的EAST全超导非圆截面托卡马克实验装置。目前，由中科院等离子体物理研究所设计制造的EAST全超导非圆截面托卡马克实验装置大部件已安装完毕，进入抽真空降温试验阶段。EAST全超导托卡马克实验装置以探索无限而清洁的核聚变能源为目标，将于今年3、4月在合肥建成。这个装置也被通称为“人造太阳”，能够像太阳一样给人类提供无限清洁的能源。
http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2006-03/24/xinsrc_592020305220190624835253.jpg
http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2006-03/24/xinsrc_002020305220221817073254.jpg
http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2006-03/24/xinsrc_00202030522025155405255.jpg
http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2006-03/24/xinsrc_00202030522028129317256.jpg

这个人造太阳让我想起007里面有一集是人造月亮，利用卫星反射光照到地面。当然这一集里把朝鲜形象搞的惨不忍睹，就跟在黄金眼里对待苏联形象一样。有一集涉及到中国，还比较正面，还有杨紫琼演中国籍邦德女郎，不过说中国的空军是世界最强的，这个实在太夸大其词了。

与建筑无关的帖子请统统发到Tea house里。

http://military.china.com/zh_cn/important/64/20060522/images/13337700_2006052213344310658100.jpg http://military.china.com/zh_cn/important/64/20060522/images/13337700_200605221334435461700.jpg 中国7000米载人潜水器亮相 世界先进

千龙军事报道：据来自中国船舶重工集团公司的消息，最近由中船重工七○二所研制的世界最大潜深载人潜水器——“7000米载人潜水器”在北京中华世纪坛举行的“中国大洋资源研究开发15年成果展”上首次亮相，成为本次展会的一大看点。

　　深海高新技术是海洋开发和海洋技术发展的最前沿与制高点，也是目前世界高科技发展的方向之一。“十五”期间，“7000米载人潜水器”被列为国家863计划重大专项。该所研制的“7000米载人潜水器”运用了当前世界上最先进的高新技术，实现载体性能和作业要求的一体化，与世界上现有的载人深潜器相比，具有7000米的最大工作深度和悬停定位能力，可到达世界 99.8%的洋底。

　　目前，世界上可用的载人深潜器总共有5台，分别是日本的“深海6500”号、美国的“阿尔文”号、法国的“鹦鹉螺”号、俄罗斯的“和平”号及 “密斯特”号，它们的最大深潜深度只有6500米，而且在作业时都需要找一个固定的支点才能开始工作。“7000米载人潜水器”具有更深的下潜能力和针对作业目标稳定的水中悬停定位能力，这是世界载人深潜器领域的一大技术进步。

Special Report


Nature
Published online: 24 May 2006; | doi:10.1038/441392a
Named and shamed
As accusations of scientific misconduct in China become rife, some fear
persecution reminiscent of that used in the Cultural Revolution.
David Cyranoski

Chinese science risks being sliced up by a double-edged sword: rampant
scientific misconduct on the one hand, and persecution based on false
accusations on the other.

The lack of confidence in official mechanisms for properly investigating
fraud has led to increased reliance on websites that challenge the records
and publications of Chinese scientists. But many are concerned about the
damage such untested allegations can cause; more than 100 Chinese
scientists based in the United States have sent an open letter to the
Chinese government, asking it to set up mechanisms to ensure that claims of
scientific misconduct are investigated fairly.

China admits it faces a serious problem with scientific misconduct,
including plagiarism, and the fabrication and falsification of data. The
scale of the problem is unknown, but a recent spate of allegations has
drawn attention to the issue.




Accusations of scientific fraud posted on websites remind some of the
posters used to persecute 'government enemies' in the 1970s.

J. ANDANSON/SYGMA/CORBIS

In March, Hui Liu, the vice-dean of Tsinghua University medical school in
Beijing, was fired, following claims that he had boosted his publication
list with papers by another H. Liu (see Nature 440, 728; 2006). Liu has
reportedly denied the charges and blamed the mix-up on a clerical error. In
April, Sichuan University in Chengdu was criticized by the Chinese media
for finding one of its professors innocent of fabricating a paper; the
paper has been under attack since its publication in 2000. And two weeks
ago, Jin Chen of Shanghai's Xi'an Jiaotong University, whose announcements
of one of China's first digital signal-processing chips in 2003 stoked
patriotic fervour, was condemned by his university for faking research and
stealing designs from a foreign company.

In all three cases, a popular Chinese-language website known as New Threads
(http://www.xys.org), which has a reputation for disclosing scientific
fraud in China, played a key role in fuelling public outcry.

In the first two cases, postings of the accusations on New Threads led to
the Chinese media picking up on the stories. And the website's owner,
Shi-min Fang, a biochemist based in San Diego, California, claims he was
the first to post the name of Chen's company which supposedly re-labelled
foreign chips.

The power of the website to implicate scientists in the absence of adequate
formal mechanisms of investigation has put it at the centre of concerns
over claims of misconduct.

Xin-Yuan Fu, an immunologist at Indiana University in Indianapolis, says it
was the Sichuan University case that drove him to write a letter to key
science-policy officials, including China's science and technology minister
and the head of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, asking them to take
action. The letter struck a chord among his peers — within five days of
circulating it to other Chinese biologists based in the United States, Fu's
letter had collected 120 signatures, including those of two researchers in
China. "I was overwhelmed," says Fu.

After noting the need to expose all types of misconduct, the letter focuses
on the problem of unfounded allegations, particularly those that attack
scientific claims without giving evidence of faulty laboratory procedures.
It ends by condemning the tendency to make "personal attacks anonymously in
public... in the absence of proper investigation".

Fu says the Sichuan University incident is a case in point. Yuquan Wei,
vice-president of the university, published a paper in Nature Medicine in
2000 detailing the use of foreign endothelial cells as a vaccine to prevent
tumour growth. The paper claimed success in mice and suggested the
technique could work in humans (Nature Med. 6, 1160–1166; 2000).

But Lusheng Si, an immunopathologist at Xi'an Jiaotong University who first
came across the paper when reviewing a grant proposal by Wei in 2001,
suspected that it contained fabricated data. On 26 March this year, after
hearing that Wei was using the paper to request a further large grant, Si
attacked the paper on New Threads.

The letter led to a media fury in China and an investigation by Wei's
university. Sichuan concluded that Wei had committed no offence, and that
the dispute over Wei's research was simply a run-of-the-mill academic
disagreement. The media in China has continued to criticize Wei and Sichuan
University, but many scientists think Si's attack was irresponsible and
based on unsound interpretation of scientific concepts and procedures.

Fallen from fame: Jin Chen, creator of a signal-processing chip, was
condemned by his university for faking data.

AP

Si contends, for example, that the mouse immune system should respond to
all proteins in foreign cells, whereas Wei's paper suggests that immunized
mice selectively respond to a few antigens. "This violates a fundamental
law of immunology," Si says.

But Lieping Chen, an immunologist at Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, and a signatory to Fu's letter, disagrees
with Si. Chen says that a selective immune response to one or a few foreign
proteins is an aspect of well-known phenom–enon known as immunodominance.

Si also questions the number of mice Wei used, estimating this to be around
40,000. "This is too big to believe," he says. Wei, backed by Chen, says Si
has miscalculated the number, and that less than 5,000 mice were actually
used.

But even those who defend Wei admit that his response hasn't helped. For
example, Si claims that Wei has so far refused to release his raw data,
which most agree would settle the issue. Wei told Nature, "I did not say I
cannot release raw data for inspection", but he has not clarified whether
he will make his data available. He has denied all misconduct.

The university's investigation into the matter has failed to convince many
that the truth won out, mainly because it lacked transparency. "The recent
self-investigation into alleged fraud at Sichuan University is a total
joke," says Mu-ming Poo, a neurobiologist at the University of California,
Berkeley, and head of the Institute of Neurosciences in Shanghai. Nature's
request for details on the university procedure and an introduction to
members of the investigation committee was referred to Wei; as Nature went
to press he had not provided any information about the investigation.

The recent self-investigation into alleged fraud at Sichuan University is
a total joke.

Poo believes the incident is indicative of the fact that most Chinese
universities lack the capacity to investigate one of their own. "The
outcome is likely to be influenced by the university's own interests, such
as protecting its reputation," he says.

Fu's letter, sent on 8 May, calls for greater involvement of higher-level
funding bodies such as the science ministry, the Chinese Academy of
Sciences (CAS) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).

These institutions already have investigatory bodies. The CAS established
its ethics committee in 1997 and drafted guidelines in 2001. The NSFC
committee, established in 1998, says it investigated 445 allegations of
misconduct in its first five years (out of an estimated 30,000 projects
that it funded during that time). In the most severe cases, the committee
indefinitely blocks perpetrators from applying for funds.

But many scientists feel these committees are ineffective, and a lack of
confidence in their ability to settle matters is driving those with
grievances to publish them on the Internet. For example, Si says he
considered sending his complaint to the CAS or to the science ministry, but
he was unable to find contact details for either. So he posted his
accusation on New Threads instead. Nature's attempts to contact the
committees of the CAS and the NSFC were also unsuccessful.

"It is the [effective] absence of such formal mechanisms that makes New
Threads important," says Fu. But Fu, a human-rights advocate, is worried
that the media frenzy following irresponsible web-based accusations,
particularly by those who don't identify themselves, hearkens back to
China's 'big letter' posters or 'dazibao'.

These wall-mounted handwritten posters were used to persecute those
considered enemies of the government during the Cultural Revolution in the
1970s. "Anyone could write anything, and people would read it and assume it
was right," says Chen. "It would be a terrible thing to go through again,
in academia."

There's been enough of this 'he said, she said' nonsense.

Fang, who has been widely praised since setting up his website in 2001 for
exposing bad science and trying to raise the profile of research ethics in
China, defends his postings. He says he only accepts about 10% of submitted
letters, and that he only publishes allegations from correspondents who
identify themselves to him. He adds that he does some preliminary
investigation and sometimes asks outside experts for their opinions.

But several scientists have written to Nature to express concern over how
powerful Fang's website has become, saying they are afraid to be named for
fear of becoming his enemy.

在<自然>杂志的网站上就有
http://www.nature.com/index.html

<自然>杂志并不是简单地论述中国出现的学术造假,着重点在于披露的过程是网络,再详细转到方舟子的新语丝网站.文中论述的主要观点就是由于中国本身专业学术机制的不完善, 导致各种非专业的机构出现,然而网络由于其非专业性, 也容易沦为当年'大字报"的境地,即变为打击别人的工具.因为这种机构有很强的威望,是"民间""草根"的代表, 拥有巨大的力量,然而这种力量本身却似乎不能被监督.所以很多科学家担心成为那些民间代表的"敌人".

当然说当年那些科学家是enemies of the government 不妥,因为我觉得那些科学家仅仅是"造反派"的敌人罢了,而且批斗的主体也是学生,而非政府.政府官员本身也被批斗.

然后就是那个校名" Shanghai's Xi'an Jiaotong University,加了个Xi'an,这个事情跟西安交大一点关系都没有,的确,当年上海交大迁往西安,成为西安交大,然后又分出去一部分回到上海成为新的上海交大.但是现在西安交大跟上海交大是完全独立的,没有从属的关系,现在没有必要把西安交大拉进去.

百年数学难题被破解 中国科学家“最后封顶”
2006年06月03日 16:28:20 　来源：新华网

新华网北京６月３日电（记者 李斌）国际数学界关注上百年的重大难题——庞加莱猜
想，近日被科学家完全破解。哈佛大学教授、著名数学家、菲尔兹奖得主丘成桐３日在中
国科学院晨兴数学研究中心宣布，在美、俄等国科学家的工作基础上，中山大学朱熹平教
授和旅美数学家、清华大学兼职教授曹怀东已经彻底证明了这一猜想。

“这就像盖大楼，前人打好了基础，但最后一步——也就是‘封顶’工作是由中国人
来完成的。”丘成桐说，“这是一项大成就，比哥德巴赫猜想重要得多。”

“这是第一次在国际数学期刊上给出了猜想的完整证明，成果极其突出。”数学家杨
乐说。

在美国出版的《亚洲数学期刊》６月号以专刊的方式，刊载了长达３００多页、题为
《庞加莱猜想暨几何化猜想的完全证明：汉密尔顿－佩雷尔曼理论的应用》的长篇论文。


任何一个封闭的三维空间，只要它里面所有的封闭曲线都可以收缩成一点，这个空间
就一定是一个三维圆球－－这就是法国数学家庞加莱于１９０４年提出的猜想。庞加莱猜
想和黎曼假设、霍奇猜想、杨－米尔理论等一样，被并列为七大数学世纪难题之一。２０
００年５月，美国的克莱数学研究所为每道题悬赏百万美元求解。

１００多年来，无数的数学家关注并致力于证实庞加莱猜想。２０世纪８０年代初，
美国数学家瑟斯顿教授因为得出了对庞加莱几何结构猜想的部分证明结果而获得菲尔兹奖
。之后，美国数学家汉密尔顿在这个猜想的证明上也取得了重要进展。２００３年，俄罗
斯数学家佩雷尔曼更是提出了解决这一猜想的要领。

运用汉密尔顿、佩雷尔曼的理论，朱熹平和曹怀东第一次成功处理了猜想中“奇异点
”的难题，发表了３００多页的论文，给出了庞加莱猜想的完全证明。

从去年９月底至今年３月，朱熹平和曹怀东应邀前往哈佛大学，以每星期３小时的时
间——连续２０多个星期、共约７０个小时——向包括哈佛大学数学系主任在内的５位数
学家进行讲解，回答了专家们提出的一系列问题。

丘成桐指出，这一证明意义重大，将有助于人类更好地研究三维空间，对物理学和工
程学都将产生深远的影响。（完）

我科学家完成了庞加莱猜想的证明，著名数学家丘成桐和杨乐对此进行解读——
中国人“封顶”百年数学难题

　 朱熹平　１９７８年入中山大学数学系，１９８９年在中国科学院武汉数学物理研究
所取得博士学位。现任中山大学数学系教授、博士生导师，数学与计算科学学院院长。

　　曹怀东　１９７７年入清华大学数学系，１９８１年赴美国普林斯顿大学，师从著名
数学家丘成桐教授，１９８６年获得博士学位。现为美国里海大学数学系讲座教授、清华
大学兼职教授。

　　６月３日，国际著名数学家、美国哈佛大学讲座教授丘成桐在中科院晨兴数学研究中
心宣布，在美、俄数学家取得关键突破的基础上，中山大学教授朱熹平和旅美数学家、清
华大学兼职教授曹怀东彻底解决了数学界百年未破的庞加莱猜想问题。
　　这一世纪难题的破解有什么重要意义？国内外数学家对此有什么贡献？６月４日，记
者采访了丘成桐教授和著名数学家杨乐院士。

　　“比哥德巴赫猜想更重要”

　　１９０４年，法国数学家庞加莱提出了一个猜想：在任何一个封闭的三维空间里，只
要所有的封闭曲线都可以收缩成一点，则这一空间一定是三维圆球。百年以来，无数的数
学家为证明猜想殚精竭虑。

　　“庞加莱猜想是２０世纪以来几何学、拓扑学中最重要的问题。几乎所有做几何学和
拓扑学的数学家都想解决这个问题。”丘成桐说，“这一问题为什么那么重要呢？因为三
维空间是人类生存的空间，地球、宇宙都是三维空间，我们必须深入了解自己生存的空间
。三维空间的许多变化，我们看不到，但是可以从理论上来猜测和证明，所以对三维空间
的拓扑和几何结构的了解，是一门伟大的科学。庞加莱猜想是这门科学中的一个重要问题
。”

　　丘成桐指出，与公众比较熟悉的哥德巴赫猜想相比，庞加莱猜想更为重要。“至少到
目前为止，哥德巴赫猜想还是比较孤立的一个问题，而庞加莱猜想则是影响人们对整个几
何学了解的一个大问题，而且对物理学和工程学都有重要意义”。

　　丘成桐解释说，数学研究的主要对象有３个，一是数字的研究，比如１、２、３、４
、５等等；二是拓扑学和几何学，如中学生学的平面几何、立体几何，数学家研究的是更
为高深的几何；三是函数，就是方程的变化。庞加莱猜想是第二个领域里面最重要的问题
，解决这一问题时用到了函数和方程，也就是用第三领域的方法解决第二领域的重要问题
。所以，猜想的证明，对于几何和函数的发展都有贡献。

　　“不仅如此，庞加莱猜想还将对物理学和工程学都产生深远的影响。”丘成桐说，“
比如，物理学要研究液体，工程上要研究深海工程，都会遇到三维空间的控制。我们认为
这一方法对物理和工程中的三维空间的研究是一个重要贡献。”

　　在前人基础上完成“封顶”

　　事实上，对庞加莱猜想的突破在２０世纪８０年代已初见曙光。

　　当时，美国数学家瑟斯顿教授得出了对庞加莱几何结构猜想的部分证明，他因此而获
得国际数学界最高奖菲尔兹奖。也就在这时，美国数学家汉密尔顿应用丘成桐等开创的几
何分析理论，另辟蹊径，创造了非线性偏微方程，获得了出色的、具有奠基性的成果。２
００３年，俄罗斯数学家佩雷尔曼在深入了解汉密尔顿和丘成桐等人想法的基础上，提出
了解决要领。

　　谈到朱熹平和曹怀东的工作，丘成桐说：“曹怀东是我的博士研究生，１９８２年做
论文时就开始从事这方面的研究了，朱熹平的研究则是从１９９７年开始的。经过多年苦
干，这两位年轻的数学家，运用汉密尔顿、佩雷尔曼的理论和方法，第一次成功地处理了
庞加莱猜想中‘奇异点’的难题，给出了庞加莱猜想的完全证明。证明这一猜想，贡献最
大的当然是汉密尔顿和佩雷尔曼，但是就好比盖大楼一样，前人打好了基础，最后‘封顶
’的工作是由中国人完成的，这就非常值得骄傲。这是百年以来，中国本土数学家在基础
科学研究领域取得的一项国际性的重大成果，对世界数学发展的贡献是划时代的。”

　　“其实朱熹平和曹怀东两人的证明去年就做出来了，但丘先生一直没有张扬。”杨乐
说，为了论证结果的准确性，从去年９月底至今年３月，丘成桐请朱、曹两人到哈佛大学
，给包括哈佛数学系主任在内的５位数学家讲解，回答了专家们提出的一系列问题，每星
期讲３个小时，连续讲了２０多个星期。随后美国出版的《亚洲数学期刊》以３００页的
篇幅刊登了朱、曹两人的论文。“但是，丘先生还是留有余地，又经过差不多两个月，才
正式对外公布。”

　　中国年轻的数学家很有前途

　　“中国数学家虽然参与证明了世界级的数学难题，但中国的数学研究和国际先进水平
相比，还存在很大的差距。”杨乐认为，目前国内学术界急功近利的风气，严重制约数学
这样的基础科学发展。他动情地说：“搞基础研究，一定要耐得住寂寞，绝不能急于求成
，争名争利。”

　　“搞重大基础研究，需要放眼长远，同时要持之以恒。”杨乐介绍，汉密尔顿做的研
究开始时并没有得到同行的普遍重视。９０年代中期，丘成桐曾建议北京的一些青年学者
也来从事这一研究，没有得到什么响应。而中山大学的朱熹平却接受了丘先生的建议。“
事实证明，丘先生是很有眼光的，朱熹平的勇气也是令人敬佩的。”

　　丘成桐也极为肯定朱熹平的工作，他由此谈道：“中国年轻的数学家很有前途，只要
肯花时间搞研究，而不去争名逐利，就一定能做出成绩。”他建议，对于年轻有为的科学
家，各级政府不要给他们压太多的行政工作，重视年轻科学家的最好办法，就是为他们排
除各种干扰，尽可能提供好的条件，让他们安下心来搞研究。

　　杨乐说：“华罗庚先生说过，中国人可以在数学研究上做得相当好。希望先生的这句
话在不远的将来变成美好的现实。”


　　七大数学难题（延伸阅读）

　　黎曼假设、庞加莱猜想、霍奇猜想、波奇和斯温纳顿—戴尔猜想、纳威厄—斯托克斯
方程、杨—米尔理论、Ｐ对ＮＰ问题被称为２１世纪七大数学难题。２０００年，美国克
雷数学研究所将它们设为“千年大奖问题”，每个难题悬赏１００万美元征求证明。

　　专家指出，黎曼假设一旦被攻克，将对加密学有帮助。其余的难题一旦破解，将会给
航天、物理等领域带来突破性进展，并开辟全新的数学研究领域。

http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2006-06-15/01599204725s.shtml

2006年06月15日01:59 北京娱乐信报

　　只要戴上特殊的电极帽，经过训练，就可以通过大脑控制外物

　　由于系统只是记录信息，不刺激大脑，所以不会损伤大脑意识

　　一套用意念控制外物的机器，将来成批生产后可能只要３０００元

　　曾经，我们在电影、小说中看到“意念移物”的神话；曾经，我们将“意识的作用”当作是无稽之谈……

　　如今，它在我国已变成了现实，清华大学医学院神经工程研究所的专家们成功地研制出了“脑－机接口”系统（意思是大脑和外界之间建立起一种直接的交流通道）。昨天，他们就展示了用这个系统实现思维控制机器狗踢足球的过程。

　　据介绍，这套系统现在的原机价格大概在六七千元，成批生产后，可能只需两三千元。

　　意念支配外物·解密

　　用“思维”就可以踢足球

　　一块约２米长的绿色地毯上，一只红色的机器狗守着球门，另一侧一只白色的机器狗越过阻挡它的纸杯，渐渐地接近球门。只见白色机器狗灵巧地躲过“守门员”红色机器狗，将球“踢”进了球门。

　　令人惊奇的是，机器狗踢足球的行为是由两名戴着特殊电极帽的学生用“思维”控制的。这是清华大学医学院神经工程研究所的专家们昨天用他们研制成功的“脑－机接口”系统做的一项有趣的演示。

　　这种神奇到底是怎么实现的呢？难道仅仅是靠学生们头上的电极帽就实现了吗？

　　大脑通过电极帽控制外物

　　据了解，学生们之所以能够实现用“思维”让机器狗踢足球完全是因为有了脑－机接口，它由电极帽、脑电波放大器和一台计算机信息处理器三部分组成。

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinghua69.jpg


　据负责该项目的洪波博士告诉记者，人在思维时大脑皮层会出现特定的电活动，在头皮记录到的这种电活动通常叫做脑电波。这些电波可以借助高性能的生物电信号采集系统以及专门设计的计算机算法（比如电极帽），把这些特征实时地提取出来，并进行自动分类，从而实时判断出当前人所处的思维状态。然后再通过计算机将判断出来的思维状态可以翻译成预先设定的控制命令，通过无线网络发送出去，从而实现人脑对计算机、等外部设备的直接控制。

　　通俗地说，你只要戴上特殊的电极帽，经过较短时间的训练，就可以通过大脑想象自己的肢体活动来直接控制机器狗的运动。

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/951c88a376f7e9a810fc56118df7ad8a.jpg


可实时解读大脑皮层信号

　　据了解，解读脑电波信号的最大挑战在于脑电波十分微弱，通常在头皮检测到的电压大约只相当于普通干电池的十万分之一，而且其中有用的信号常常淹没在杂乱的背景噪声中。

　　最近几年来，清华大学的这个研究小组发展了一套国际领先的信号处理和模式分类方法。今年年初，他们采用这套方法成功实现了实时解读大脑运动皮层信号的脑－机接口。这个新系统不再需要任何外界的视觉刺激，只需想象自己的肢体运动，计算机就可以通过脑电波判断出你在想的是什么运动，并翻译成相应的控制命令，来控制家电的开关或者机器人的运动。本文开头提到的机器狗就是通过这样的系统，由人的思维控制其在“绿茵场”上左攻右突，命中目标的。

　　这一技术在国际上排第一

　　据了解，目前美国和德国也已有类似的系统，但洪波肯定地告诉记者，清华研制出的该系统在信息处理的准确率上领先国际水平。据他透露，清华大学医学院神经工程研究所的这个研究小组在处理和解读神经信号方面已经进行了近２０年的研究。

　　研究所负责人高上凯教授告诉记者，１９９９年他们在国际上较早研制成功了解读视觉脑区信号的“脑－机接口”系统，并创造了每分钟６０比特的最高通讯速度，即每分钟可以用脑电波向计算机中输入１８个数字，也就是说可以在一分钟内用脑电波轻松拨出一个手机号码。而国际上同类系统的速度一般在２５比特左右。

　　意念支配外物·感受

　　一戴上电极帽就只有一个想法

　　清华大学医学系生物医学工程系副教授洪波头戴电极帽向记者演示了他们的脑控电话拨号系统。

　　首先，他先目视电话拨号系统，然后开始用他的思维拨号，他的前方是一个特殊的电话键盘，０—９键，还有两个字母“Ｂ”和“Ｃ”，１２个键不同频次地闪烁。“每个号码都有编码，看１和２或者任何一个数字感觉都不一样。”一分钟左右，被演示的手机拨通了。整个过程没有借助任何人体接触，都是靠大脑来完成的。

　　据洪波副教授介绍，戴上电极帽就跟戴一顶普通的帽子没什么两样，惟一不同的是，只要戴上此帽子，人就会不由自主地集中精神，“我当时就只有一种想努力控制设备的愿望。”

　　当然，此操作必须远离冰箱和一些比较大的电器，因为系统信号会受到影响而变得工作慢和效果不好。

　　意念支配外物·追访

　　电极帽不会损伤大脑

　　记者：若长时间戴电极帽是否会更改人脑脑电波的正常运行？或改变人的思维？是否会对人产生辐射危害？

　　清华大学医学系生物医学工程系副教授洪波：不会，因为大脑本身就存在一些信息，该系统只是记录这些信息，不会影响人的大脑正常工作，也不会改变人的思维。他告诉记者，由于该系统不向大脑施加任何电和磁，所以不会像手机那样产生电磁场影响人体大脑的活动，更不会对人体有辐射作用。

　　以后写文章不用敲字

　　记者：这种科技以后是否会大量使用，是否将来人可以不用敲字，而直接使用思维把想要的文章反映在电脑上？

　　洪波：该技术目前还存在两方面的不足，所以现在还不能广泛使用而且使用面还比较狭窄。如果这两个技术得到改进，人们就完全可以不用敲字，直接使用思维把想要写的文章反映在电脑上。而且经过改造，这样的系统也可以用来浏览网页、操控家电等。

　　目前该系统的不足主要是：一，速度不快，跟直接敲字有相当差距；二，由于需要一定的视觉刺激来增强脑电波，所以在输入时会有闪烁的感觉，不如敲键盘自然、舒服。

　　残疾人先用上新技术

　　记者：这套系统将最先应用在什么方面或者人群？

　　洪波：这项研究最初的想法是帮助那些丧失了运动能力但大脑功能正常的残疾人，让他们通过这样的系统用自己的思维直接操控轮椅、假肢，甚至使用计算机。但目前这一研究已经成为新兴交叉学科——神经工程的核心研究领域，这项技术不仅在残疾人康复等方面，在军事、人工智能、娱乐等方面的应用也初见端倪。

　　当然，人类离完全解读思维的奥秘还有很长的路要走，也许这个过程将是无止境的，我们目前的工作也只是掀开了人类简单思维活动的一角，并通过工程方法的创新找到了应用。目前实验室已经和国内一些医学康复研究机构开展合作，研究如何利用这种系统帮助残疾人提高生活质量或者加速康复。

　　3000元就能买到产品

　　记者：估计运用到生活中后，这样的一套设备需要多少钱？这个仪器放置的距离和控制成果有潜在关系吗？

　　洪波：目前脑－机接口系统由三部分组成：电极帽、脑电波放大器和一台计算机做信息处理。将来该系统可以精简到两部分，脑电波放大器和信息处理器将合并在电话机那么大的盒子里，统称为信息处理器。

　　现在，此产品的原型机的价格在６０００—７０００元人民币，如果成为产品批量生产后，我们希望价格在２０００—３０００元人民币之间。

　　另外，仪器放置的距离跟脑电波解读没有关系，只跟无线通讯方式有关，比如，红外比较短，无线比较长一点。

　　信报记者 杜丁

这个不错。

http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/HIAW/1241854.htm

日刊《经济学家》2006年6月6日文章：中国在半导体领域猛追日本（作者：三重野 文健）

经济增长显著的中国，在半导体产业方面成绩也是非常显著的。国内对半导体的需求正在增加，半导体企业的活动也变得更加活跃。

根据美国一家统计机构（ Gardener Data Quest ）所发表的2005年世界半导体市场的调查中，包括中国大陆，台湾，韩国，新加坡在内的亚太地区的市场份额达到了44.5%，与去年相比，其增长率达到了11%，显示了非常良好的发展势头。在这其中，中国市场的扩大是其最主要的背景这一点是毫无疑问的。

日本的半导体产业在80年代曾经雄踞世界第一。不过，到了90年代后期以后，日本的世界市场份额仅为全盛时期的一半左右，从而陷入了严重的不景气之中。 取而代之发展迅速的是韩国，台湾，而现在则是中国大陆。

2002年11月，笔者离开日本的半导体产业，前往总部设在上海的半导体信托生产公司“中芯国际集成电路制造有限公司（SMIC）”工作。SMIC是于2000年4月在上海创业的。其同日本企业之间也有合作关系。尽管在半导体产业中并不占有先发优势，但是在2005年其销售总额还是达到了11亿7130万美元，在世界半导体信托生产公司中占第三位。

内置半导体的产品正在世界范围内逐渐普及。如果以手机为例的话，根据中国官方机构的统计，截至到2006年3月底为止，中国的手机用户达到了4亿900万人，从去年年底到今年3月底的短短三个月之间，手机用户就增加了1600万人。尽管中国已经成为了世界第一大手机用户国，但是其市场前景还是相当广泛的，因为其普及率还只为三分之一。在日本，已经开始了以高速和大容量为特征的第五代手机的时候，中国正在迎来第三代手机的时代，因此，中国的市场还将继续扩大，持续发展。此外，如果把目光转向世界的话，还有印度和俄罗斯等巨大的市场。

基本方针为大量生产，低成本化

半导体产业的基本方针是，大量生产和低成本化这两条。“谁能够早日、大量并且低成本进行生产的话”，谁就能赢得市场。企业为了更好的适应市场需求，就必须一面充分发挥自己的优势，一面对自己的不足部门进行弥补。

半导体产业的从业人员所来自的地区也是多样的。SMIC的话除了中国大陆的员工，还有来自台湾、美国、日本、新加坡、韩国、马来西亚、加拿大、意大利等地的员工。由于拥有多国籍的环境，也需要一个开放的文化环境。

技术和员工，市场或者生产如果限制在一个地方的话，就会失去竞争力。由于害怕技术或者人才的流失而把企业放在一国内的时代已经结束。通过“双赢”的合作模式互相协调是必要的。

在世界规模的半导体战略中，经营者领袖的异国文化经验已尽全球性的人才网络的构建是必须的。中国的半导体生产水平已经达到了日本十年前的水平，并且正在以较大的步伐奋力追赶。从中我们可以看出，中国的半导体企业领袖的果断和正确的经营理念。而另一方面，年轻的员工们也正在如饥似渴地学习先进的技术。

中国政府也正在对半导体事业这样的新兴产业的发展提供非常有力的支持。在中国政府今年2月宫过的科学技术振兴计划中，以“创新”为中心语，对IT、生命科学、新型材料、能源等革新性的产业的振兴提出了发展要求。

http://www.robocup2005.org/news/results.aspx

感觉中国总体还是不错的，比美国、法国和英国强多了，呵呵（可能人家不重视？）

2006的正在德国不莱梅举行
http://www.robocup2006.org/sixcms/detail.php?id=44&lang=en
大家可以关注

^^ Are you serious? China was only any good in the simulation league -- which is the easiest of them all. I participated in 2002 representing Melbourne uni in the legged league and the Chinese team in my league was one of the worst teams there and they had no idea what they were doing.

America, Australia and Germany are the best, France and Britian didn't even participate.

Don't look at the junor leagues -- that's kids stuff and no one cares. The only
leagues that matter (and have competitiors from university levels) are:

(1) small league (F180)
(2) medium league (F2000)
(3) humanoid league
(4) legged league (sony aibos)
(5) simulation league.

The first three leagues are competitions of both hardware and the control software, the last two are purely softare competitions.

-------------------------------------

sorry. I overreacted.

Nah, I was just joking, but forgot to put the joke icon (sorry about that). :D

不错

"中视一号"数字电视芯片亮相上海[组图]

http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2006-06/20/content_4723124.htm

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_14206032020124067168117.jpg

6月20日，在上海新国际博览中心举行的第12届上海电视节国际影视节目市场上，一位观众在参观“中视一号”芯片。

“中视一号”是我国第一个自主设计、自主制造、拥有完全知识产权的数字电视地面传输芯片，由复旦大学研制并于2005年通过专家鉴定。在此次电视节交易会上，“中视一号”及其相关产品的亮相，成为数字电视展区的一大亮点

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_142060320201270328344118.jpg

6月20日，在上海新国际博览中心举行的第12届上海电视节国际影视节目市场上，工作人员在展示植入“中视一号”芯片的USB数字电视碟。

“中视一号”是我国第一个自主设计、自主制造、拥有完全知识产权的数字电视地面传输芯片，由复旦大学研制并于2005年通过专家鉴定。在此次电视节交易会上，“中视一号”及其相关产品的亮相，成为数字电视展区的一大亮点。

2006年SENIOR组的成绩
http://www.robocup2006.org/fastmedia/8/Senior_Awards.pdf

以下来自新华社
http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2006-06/23/content_4740354_2.htm

由范长杰、吴锋等7名在校学生组成的中国科技大学队在6月14日至18日德国第十届机器人世界杯足球赛上，获得1项冠军、1项亚军和1项第五名，创造了自2000年中国派队参加机器人世界杯赛以来最好成绩。来自全球的200多所大学参加了这届机器人世界杯足球赛7个大项的比赛。这是中国科技大学代表队在德国参加第十届机器人世界杯比赛的一张资料照片。 新华社发

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_31206032321099682692381.jpg

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_31206032321096873257280.jpg

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_3120603232109390460779.jpg

Developed by Harbin Institute of Technology

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_0220603261930781283139.jpg

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_0220603261930500156838.jpg

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_0220603261930187181247.jpg

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_012060326193089044836.jpg

http://it.sohu.com/20060721/n244379145.shtml

【来源：南方日报报业集团-南方日报】
　　合肥消息　8月15日前后，俗称“人造太阳”的全超导托卡马克EAST核聚变实验装置将在合肥科学岛上进行首次等离子体放电实验。这意味着这一装置进入正式运行阶段。

　　科学岛上的“人造太阳”，是中国自行设计、研制的世界上第一个全超导托卡马克EAST核聚变实验装置。


其运行原理就是在这台装置的真空室内加入少量氢的同位素氘或氚，通过类似变压器的原理使其产生等离子体，然后提高其密度、温度使其发生聚变反应，反应过程中会产生巨大的能量。在未来的核聚变电站中，反应产生的能量可以通过能量输出转换装置供人类使用。据了解，1升海水提取的氘，在完全的聚变反应中释放的能量，相当于燃烧300升汽油释放的热能。

　　首次放电实验，已引起国内外科学界的高度关注，而放电过程是否具有危险性更为世人所牵挂。据参与这一工作的科研人员解释，核聚变实验装置只有在放电的时候才会产生中子辐射，一旦实验结束就没有了辐射，而产生的中子辐射不会影响到大厅之外。整个核聚变实验大厅是全封闭式构造，四周墙壁的厚度达到1.5米，屋顶的厚度为1米，内部全部为钢筋捆扎，表面用水泥浇筑而成，“是非常安全的”。

　　目前，这一核聚变实验装置真空室内的二次总装正有条不紊地进行。实验一旦成功，将意味着合肥成为世界上第一个建成此类核聚变实验装置并能实际运行的地方。

　　据《新安晚报》

( 责任编辑：史少晨 )

在此之前，核聚变5秒就已经是世界纪录，如果中国的EAST托卡马克成功的话，其放电时间至少可达1000秒以上。据我所知，这是中国第一次在关键领域遥遥领先世界。

http://news.bokee.com/social/guanzhu/2006-07-26/692455.shtml

新华网北京7月26日电（俞铮 左元峰）在世界处于领先地位的热核聚变反应装置将于下月中旬在合肥进行首次磁体通电和放电实验，连续放电时间预计将超过1000秒。这次实验的数据将提交9月底在奥地利举行的国际原子能机构大会，为国际热核实验反应堆工程预研提供重要资料。

中国科学院等离子体物理研究所实验先进超导托卡马克（ ＥＡＳＴ ）项目总经理万元熙研究员26日在接受记者采访时说，ＥＡＳＴ内部组件的安装正在主机大厅全面展开，质量、研制、实验、加工负责人以及负责总装的工程技术人员正抓紧完成收尾工作，为装置做实验前的最后准备。

他说："首次等离子体放电实验不仅要获得第一次等离子体，而且将开展等离子体建立、圆截面放电等4个阶段的物理实验。"

这个耗时8年、耗资2亿元人民币的反应装置将首次实现装置内部1亿度的高温，其稳定放电时间将达创纪录的1000秒，超过世界上所有正在建设的同类装置。

中国科学院基础科学局的一位专家说："装置将在未来10年内保持世界领先，并且是目前全球唯一能支持国际热核实验反应堆计划预研的装置。"ＥＡＳＴ的规模约为国际热核实验反应堆（ ＩＴＥＲ ）的四分之一。

为解决人类面临的能源短缺危机，科学家正在研究利用可控热核聚变技术，模拟太阳产生能量的过程，源源不断地放电。这项技术用巨大的环形超导磁场在1亿度的高温条件下，对等离子体进行加热、约束。目前广泛应用的环流器的原型是由苏联科学家发明的，因此依其俄文缩写也被称作"托卡马克"。

万元熙说，在ＥＡＳＴ实验中，首先要把反应燃料加热到10万摄氏度，成为等离子体，为碰撞做准备。再继续将等离子体加热到上亿度，使原子核获得足够的能量克服斥力聚合起来。之后，再控制等离子体长时间"老实地呆在容器里"，使聚变反应稳定进行，导致持续放电。

中国标准战略终于发威: 地面数字电视标准将强制执行 欧洲标准将退市



[注：自2001年由海归学者提出的标准战略终于显示出威力, 中国数字电视标准将强制执行,欧洲标准将退出中国市场。数字电视实行中国标准将创造数万亿的巨大商机。WAPI战役的历史影响和战略意义将逐步浮现。]

地面数字电视标准设1年过渡期 欧洲标准将退市

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

http://www.sina.com.cn 2006年07月26日 05:39 新浪科技

　 新浪科技讯 地面数字电视标准发布日益临近，中国数字电视格局也将会从此产生较大变化，标准的产业化准备工作已经被提上了重要日程。据悉，7月17日，信产部开会专门讨论了地面数字电视产业的准备工作，针对已经确定的国家标准，了解产业准备情况以及政府需要解决的问题，并为此设立了一个过渡期限。

　　数字电视地面标准实施设一年过渡期

　　据业内人士透露，国家标准近期就会发布，标准发布后还设立了一年的过渡期，一年之后将在全国强制实行，原来各地采用的欧洲DVB-T地面数字电视系统在标准发布之后将逐步退出我国市场。国家地面数字电视标准是对清华多载波和交大单载波两种方案加以融合完善后的一套标准，各地可自行选择采用这两种方案其中之一。

　　融合方案提供方之一上海交大旗下的上海高清公司向新浪科技表示，公司已为后标准阶段市场应用和产业推广做好了产业化准备工作。上海高清已经推出了两代三批ADTB-T地面数字电视接收解调芯片，完全实现了地面广播接收芯片的国产化。而在接收终端上，

　　目前已有10个以上的国内数字电视接收设备生产厂家开发了不同类型的家庭固定接收、车载移动接收、手持便携接收等高清、标清等各种不同类型的接收终端。基于单载波技术的调制器已实现了与上海明珠、北广电子、北京吉兆等十余家国内外的数字电视发射机的集成。从在各地的试验示范工程使用情况看，国产设备完全能够满足需要，标准发布之后可以迅速带动国内产业的快速发展。

　　交大方案将主攻农村，城市移动覆盖非重点

　　上海高清对于地面数字电视的运营模式也在不断探索，目前开发出的解决方案包括，针对城郊及农村多节目大面积固定覆盖的解决方案，移动电视新媒体业务平台，城市高清电视覆盖网络和宽带无线移动图像传输网等，各个解决方案都已建成试验示范平台。

　　上海高清公司总裁夏平建对新浪科技表示，地面数字电视的发展前景可能在农村偏远地区，而在城市数字移动市场，甚至城市家庭市场的难度也会相当大。

　　夏平建表示，交大方案能够支持城市移动电视，但是目前移动电视还缺乏良好的运营模式，在北京、上海这两个大城市目前也只是各有一万台终端的数量，运营收支刚刚持平，其它地方的运营效果都并不理想。因此他认为，在没有好的运营模式的情况下，各地不宜盲目上马地面移动数字电视。

　　他指出，相比城市有线的高覆盖率，中国目前有广大的农村地区收看模拟电视还是很大的问题，而用采用地面固定覆盖恰恰能够很好地解决这个问题。上海高清设计的解决方案在一个8MHz频道内可以传送10套准清晰度的电视节目，、可以方便地实现几十套标准清晰度的数字电视节目的传送。该系统只需要有线网络30%，20%护费用和10%建设周期，非常适合有线电视难以覆盖的地区，在广大农村和偏远地区非常适合推广。目前，在上海崇明的示范工程已经有2000用户，标准发布之后将会达到20万用户的数量，这个数字比起城市移动电视来说，可以说是一个相当大的市场。

　　上海高清表示，除了在上海崇明，目前在湖南株洲、安徽凤阳、河南安阳等地都已建立了农村固定覆盖示范工程，国内已有意向启动的市县140余个，已经完成测试30余个。上海高清的的目标是50%的农村市场。

　　地面数字电视在城市家庭应用难度大

　　地面数字电视在车载移动方面虽然有优势，但还缺乏良好赢利模式，此外，它在城市中还面对着有线电视网络的挑战。对于城市家庭，一般都使用了较好的有线电视网络，经数字化改造后一般都能够收看到标清节目，即将启动的地面数字电视对有线数字电视已有市场的影响不大，因此，地面数字电视也只有通过主打高清电视节目才会有优势，去满足人们高层次的需求，但目前高清电视的发展还远未成熟，就连真正的高清电视产品离普通家庭都很遥远。

　　地面数字电视在城市家庭中面对着IPTV新技术的巨大挑战，在拥有良好宽带条件的城市家庭，IPTV可以迅速地发挥出竞争优势，节目资源和增值业务开发会在IPTV平台上快速投放，而地面数字电视必须通过对机顶盒技术的不断完善和升级来实现这些功能，这不只是广电和电信在技术上的较量，也是广电和电信系统业务模式的争夺，竞争难度非常大。

　　业内人士认为，目前地面数字电视目前只能在一些细分市场上有所作为。而另一家主要的融合方案的推进者深圳清华力合也将在本周召开紫荆神网运营模式的研讨会，主要讨论三网合一背景下基于地面数字电视融合方案的产业链的构建以及各种增值业务模式的开发。种种迹象都表明，我国地面数字电视即正在迎来一个新的发展高潮。( 文/弓车 )

在世界处于领先地位的热核聚变反应装置将于下月中旬在合肥进行首次磁体通电和放电实验，连续放电时间预计将超过1000秒。这次实验的数据将提交9月底在奥地利举行的国际原子能机构大会，为国际热核实验反应堆工程预研提供重要资料。 www.6park.com

中国科学院等离子体物理研究所实验先进超导托卡马克（ＥＡＳＴ）项目总经理万元熙研究员26日在接受记者采访时说，ＥＡＳＴ内部组件的安装正在主机大厅全面展开，质量、研制、实验、加工负责人以及负责总装的工程技术人员正抓紧完成收尾工作，为装置做实验前的最后准备。 www.6park.com

他说：“首次等离子体放电实验不仅要获得第一次等离子体，而且将开展等离子体建立、圆截面放电等4个阶段的物理实验。” www.6park.com

这个耗时8年、耗资2亿元人民币的反应装置将首次实现装置内部1亿度的高温，其稳定放电时间将达创纪录的1000秒，超过世界上所有正在建设的同类装置。 www.6park.com

中国科学院基础科学局的一位专家说：“装置将在未来10年内保持世界领先，并且是目前全球唯一能支持国际热核实验反应堆计划预研的装置。”ＥＡＳＴ的规模约为国际热核实验反应堆（ＩＴＥＲ）的四分之一。 www.6park.com

为解决人类面临的能源短缺危机，科学家正在研究利用可控热核聚变技术，模拟太阳产生能量的过程，源源不断地放电。这项技术用巨大的环形超导磁场在1亿度的高温条件下，对等离子体进行加热、约束。目前广泛应用的环流器的原型是由苏联科学家发明的，因此依其俄文缩写也被称作“托卡马克”。 www.6park.com

万元熙说，在ＥＡＳＴ实验中，首先要把反应燃料加热到10万摄氏度，成为等离子体，为碰撞做准备。再继续将等离子体加热到上亿度，使原子核获得足够的能量克服斥力聚合起来。之后，再控制等离子体长时间“老实地呆在容器里”，使聚变反应稳定进行，导致持续放电

俺这段时间都在焦急地等待。酒都买好了。等待很痛苦。

Current world record of the plasma discharge time (by Japanese) is 28.6 seconds.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JT-60

China is dominant in International Mathematical Olympiad.
Scroll down to see the ranking table in the following link

http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~jsm28/imo-scores/

China should have the ability i believe.

何必又把印度扯上来,原来是比奥运会,现在再加上数学奥林匹克,中国的教育方式完全不同于西方,有大量的高强度练习,因为人多,竞争激烈,而在中国传统文化中,又对这种读书有极高的渴望,因为古代读书是与官职挂钩的,而其他地方是血缘继承爵位.由于中国这种高强度竞争,可能反而想得而得不到.读书被竞争搞的有些变形.

何必又把印度扯上来,原来是比奥运会,现在再加上数学奥林匹克,中国的教育方式完全不同于西方,有大量的高强度练习,因为人多,竞争激烈,而在中国传统文化中,又对这种读书有极高的渴望,因为古代读书是与官职挂钩的,而其他地方是血缘继承爵位.由于中国这种高强度竞争,可能反而想得而得不到.读书被竞争搞的有些变形.
No Competition No Progress.

No Competition No Progress.
问题就是,这种竞争只是增加熟练度,可能让人无法增强独创性.所以中国现在强调创造性等.中国的这些是高强度训练各种定式,和奥运会那种封闭式的训练非常相似,其实整个东亚区基本上都有这种趋向.

有人就提出问题,说中国虽然数学奥运会金牌很多,但是数学大奖却比较少,当然这个有大师氛围的原因,这种高强度训练有可能挫伤本身对数学的兴趣,就像艺术一旦商业化,虽然引入了竞争,但是反而可能变了.

没必要妄自菲薄，人种之间的差别是客观存在的。中国人撑死足球还是烂，说白了，就是中国人种在这方面不行。奥赛搞集训的不光中国一家。

如果你不服气，看看多少国家的奥赛数学队里有华人小孩 ( 点击表中第四列的国名 )。

http://imo2006.dmfa.si/results_itd.html

另外不要说奥赛成绩不说明问题，现在好多美国大学的数学教授都是前奥赛奖牌获得者。

不过在SSC里发这种帖子要点到为止，不搞国家对比，不提智商。

Wigo,
You are right. I have removed unnecessary links to prevent flame.

people, please don't post these types of threads, other people may think we are being racists, it's not really necessary.

Guys, we are ahead of India at the moment, but we shouldn't look down upon their potentials. Remember China is still far behind the developed countries, so comparing to India and feeling great ourselves is not a good attitude, coz we've got a lot to do ourselves.

国产龙芯08年商用 用于曙光下一代超级计算机

http://it.sohu.com/20060818/n244863199.shtml

【来源：北京娱乐信报】
　　
信报讯（ 记者徐娅萍 ）中国自主研发的计算机中央处理芯片——龙芯，将于２００８年正式应用于曙光下一代超级计算机。昨天，曙光公司总裁历军在披露曙光服务器５年免费服务的举措之前，宣布了这一我国计算机领域重大消息。

　　“将龙芯应用于２００８年由曙光研发生产的下一代超级计算机上，预示着首个由我国自主研发的ＣＰＵ真正实现商用即产业化。”历军谈到，而五年原厂商免费服务是曙光此次提出“服务超越新战略”中的重中之重。现有统计数据表明，计算机和服务器系统的平均使用寿命为４．６年，目前的ＩＴ产品通常服务承诺为３年，而这次曙光革命性地提出了５年原厂商免费服务，这也意味着是终身免费服务。

( 责任编辑：赵秀芹 )

China blanketed number 1 in all of the subjects except that the informatics competition is still pending. I am suprised that Chinese media are not interested in reporting these news.

Mathematics
http://imo2006.dmfa.si/results_itd.html

Biology
http://www.kbinirsnb.be/ibo/rank/rank_2006.pdf

Physics
http://www.ipho2006.org/index.php?option=com_static&task=results&Itemid=44

chemistry
http://icho2006.kcsnet.or.kr/main/i_problems/IChO_RESULT(Web)2.htm

^^ It is just too common.

Yay! Hong Kong got a gold in maths :P
and several silvers too

They'll probably report it if China didn't win everything.

Take notice that many western countries used Chinese brains to get medals :)

Used to be that this kind of news are spread to every newspaper in China, but then people got used to it.
If they didn't win everything, they'll start to make a big fuss out of it. But anyway, students in China are trained more extensively in these subjects I suppose, so they have a better chance. But then again, z0rg said overseas Chinese students got medals too, so maybe we are good at scientifical stuff.

But then again, z0rg said overseas Chinese students got medals too, so maybe we are good at scientifical stuff.

Don't tell that to KY! :D

Don't tell that to KY! :D

YP, I know these results and reasons behind them very well. I was the first to post these results in this forum.

US (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/USA.html): 2 Chinese and 1 ?Korean?
Canada (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/CAN.html): 3 Chinese and 1 Korean
Australia (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/AUS.html): 1 Chinese, 2 South East Asians
NZ (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/NZL.html): 2 Chinese, 1 Korean
Swissland (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/CHE.html): A Vietnamese?
UK (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/GBR.html): Another Chinese
Sweden (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/SWE.html): 3 more
Netherlands (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/NLD.html): Another
Austria (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/AUT.html): Another one
Paraguay (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/PRY.html) Another one
Panamá (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/PAN.html): 2 Chinese more

Simply amazing. Maybe the Chinese writing improves mathematical abilities very much. It's the only no-racist explanation I can imagine, honestly.

US (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/USA.html): 2 Chinese and 1 ?Korean?
Canada (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/CAN.html): 3 Chinese and 1 Korean
Australia (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/AUS.html): 1 Chinese, 2 South East Asians
NZ (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/NZL.html): 2 Chinese, 1 Korean
Swissland (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/CHE.html): A Vietnamese?
UK (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/GBR.html): Another Chinese
Sweden (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/SWE.html): 3 more
Netherlands (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/NLD.html): Another
Austria (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/AUT.html): Another one
Paraguay (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/PRY.html) Another one
Panamá (http://imo2006.dmfa.si/participants/PAN.html): 2 Chinese more

Simply amazing. Maybe the Chinese writing improves mathematical abilities very much. It's the only no-racist explanation I can imagine, honestly.

Numerous research studies by western psychometrists in last three decades showed that East Asians have higher math IQ. However, why there were not great mathematicians from East Asia is still a puzzle. The research works were done by westerners, so nobody has the right to say that it is the racist Chinese fabrication.

^^ Is this one you are talking about?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_IQ

We better leave IQ out of SSC discussion. I think traditional chinese culture discourage the expore of nature, that is the very reason why China lack great scientists. With the proper environment, Chinese surely can do good job. One of the four Fields Medals winners this year, Terrence Tao, is an Australian Chinese http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Tao

Duskdawn, your link is the old one. This link is the newest
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Differences_in_Intelligence

Wigo, I think that attributing every thing to culture factor is illogical and self-deceiving. Isn't culture created by people? Chinese never discouraged the exploration of nature although they could put higher priority in some other areas.

Numerous research studies by western psychometrists in last three decades showed that East Asians have higher math IQ. However, why there were not great mathematicians from East Asia is still a puzzle. The research works were done by westerners, so nobody has the right to say that it is racist Chinese fabrication.

^^ I think there are many Chinese working at Silicon Valley, right? Anyway, today you need large techonolgy and economical resources to become a great mathematician, physicist, whatever. China will get this soon.

On the other hand, the West didn't give any Nobel Prize in Economics to any Chinese despite of the China's economic miracle, which is being the greatest in world history. So, China may have to develop its own resources before their geniuses can be recognised at maths, economics or whatever. The West only recognises the West (and its ass kissers, of course)

I agree. Let's leave the races part. It will only arouse flame despite our intention.

China set to make fusion history

http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060821/full/442853a.html


Plasma physics comes under scrutiny in new breed of tokamak.

Ichiko Fuyuno

The world's first fully superconducting tokamak is soon to produce a discharge of ionized gas or plasma.

If all goes as planned, China's Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) project will make its first plasma in the next few weeks.

EAST uses superconducting coils to create a magnetic field that confines plasma inside a doughnut-shaped vessel known as a tokamak. The behaviour of the plasma should shed light on the potential of nuclear fusion as an energy source.

Conventional experimental fusion machines use copper coils, or a combination of copper and superconducting coils, to trap the hot plasma. But copper coils heat up and need to be cooled down regularly, thus limiting operating time. EAST has only superconducting coils so it can be operated continuously.

The US$25-million machine sets the stage for the multibillion-dollar ITER fusion experiment that is to be built in France; ITER, due to start operations in 2016, is similarly designed to be all-superconducting.


"We'll need new energy resources for a long-term period, and fusion will be one of them," says Peide Weng, deputy manager and chief engineer of the EAST project at the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. "For commercial use, it should be superconducting because it will need continuous operation."

China approved the machine in 1998, as part of a push towards new energy sources. Construction then began in 2000 in Hefei, in southern China. The 150-member EAST team imported some material and components, but designed and fabricated the bulk of the equipment on its own.

EAST is only one-tenth the volume of Japan's JT-60 tokamak, and one-hundredth the expected volume of ITER. It won't produce fusion power, and is designed to study advanced tokamak physics. The first plasma, created from heated hydrogen gas, will probably last for only a few seconds. Still, "it will be a very important step forward," says Toshihide Tsunematsu, director-general of the Naka Fusion Institute of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, who visited EAST a few weeks ago. The agency owns the JT-60 tokamak.

Eventually, the EAST team aims to hold a plasma for study for as long as 1,000 seconds. In other tokamaks plasmas last for only a few tens of seconds.

South Korea is currently developing a tokamak similar to EAST, called the Korean Superconducting Tokamak Reactor (KSTAR), whose construction is expected to be completed at the end of 2007. Japan also plans to upgrade its JT-60 machine to make it fully superconducting in a few years.

International physicists praise what China has accomplished so far. In 2003, 25 physicists visited EAST as part of its international advisory committee.

ADVERTISEMENT


"Everybody came away very impressed," says Dale Meade, a physicist with the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey, and a member of the group. The committee plans to hold another meeting in October, when China hosts a conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

In the meantime, the EAST researchers have plenty to work on, says Tsunematsu. They will have to improve key technologies, such as a device to heat the plasma, and be able to effectively control high-temperature plasma for a long period of time. "China will face a real challenge," he says.

连自然杂志都报导了，怎么国内还没有消息？

I have been waiting for the news for two weeks. The experiment was originally set for the date of August 15th, but no news have come out so far. There could be something wrong so that the schedule was delayed.
I am a physicist and I learned the working principle of Tokamak fusion reactor while I was in college. I really want to see something breakthrough in this field. The world needs new source of energy.

.......................

D......................

Xinhua+China Daily News:
Govt announces digital TV transmission standard (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/31/content_5029471.htm)

Numerous research studies by western psychometrists in last three decades showed that East Asians have higher math IQ. However, why there were not great mathematicians from East Asia is still a puzzle. The research works were done by westerners, so nobody has the right to say that it is the racist Chinese fabrication.
I think its something to do with the education system, which from what I heard only emphasises high pressure rote learning; which stifles creativity and initiative. Perhaps this is related to the cultural explanation given by wigo.

I think its something to do with the education system, which from what I heard only emphasises high pressure rote learning; which stifles creativity and initiative. Perhaps this is related to the cultural explanation given by wigo.


Almost all Chinese historians and Western sinologists give culture explanation for why modern sciences were not founded and modern technologies were not invented in China. However, they completely ignore an undeniable fact that Chinese people created Chinese culture. The culture explanation is implicitly a cyclic logic and a paradox. The logic problem of the culture explanation will be more apparent if I rephrase it this way: Chinese invented a culture that made them less inventive.

I would rather speculate that Chinese lack a particular unknown gene or God enjoys playing a die to determine which group of people going to lead the earth than accept the culture explanation.

Hey, maybe I am a genius. I can see something that other scholars do not see. :)

^^ 他们又来了...

No matter what, this education system we've got gave us a pretty high average. End of story.

Xinhua news:
China to launch high-definition terrestrial digital TV broadcast in 2008 (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-09/13/content_5087558.htm)

http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_5380000/newsid_5388300/5388386.stm

中国首个核聚变实验装置成功放电


中国致力推动核聚变研究（新华社图）

中国的核聚变实验装置成功放电，引起了人们对热核能源新的关注。

新华社报道说，中国科学家周四（9月28日）在设在安徽合肥的全超导热核装置上成功进行了放电实验。

由中国自行设计、研制的世界上第一个全超导非圆截面核聚变实验装置(托卡马克，EAST，原名HT-7U)位于中科院等离子体物理研究所，今年2月到3月完成调试。

等离子体研究所的程艳女士说，这次放电实验被视为成功，因为反应装置实现了等离子体放电。

她说，“这代表人类对核反应的研究又迈出了一步。”

报道指出，这个核聚变装置在真空和低温条件就位后，研究人员就等离子体纵场磁体和12个极向场磁体分别进行了260次通电测试。

在试验过程中，最长通电时间达到5000秒，最大电流达到8200安培，相对应的装置中心场强已达到2特斯拉，和有关系统以及等离子体控制系统等运行正常，保证了通电测试的安全和成功。

“人造太阳”

中国媒体以“人造太阳”来形容这项试验。它以探索无限而清洁的核聚变能源为目标。

热核聚变反应和太阳产生的原理相同，而且相对现在的核能分裂发电厂，产生较少的放射性核废料。

领导这项试验的科学家说，试验结果将有助于正在法国建造的一个规模大得多的国际核聚变项目。

不过观察人士警告说，即使有关项目按照计划进行，仍需数十年的时间才可以建立一个商业性的核聚变反应堆。

同时，科学家将要克服的挑战包括如何生产多于控制核聚变所消耗的电力。

中国和美国等国家致力推动核聚变研究，希望得到较清洁而且潜力无限的能源。

为了国家荣誉和减少对进口原油及污染严重的煤炭依赖，北京政府极力推动核聚变研究。

EAST的两个基本参数是：等离子体释放时间为5000秒，放电时间是3秒。
不简单啊！
我要喝酒庆祝！

:dance:

That is not a great data. The key parameter should be the energy gain, which is not mentioned. I suspect that the energy gain is still negative.

EAST是托卡马克，不是反应堆。

^^ I know. I spent one year in learning plasma physics including tokamak. The current world record of discharge time is about 30 seconds (from Japan). The first EAST experiment only has 3 seconds. Of course, EAST has potential to break the record.

Deleted

http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2006-10/01/content_5161345.htm

That's quite a long way to go...but at least it's not bad news!

http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2006-10/07/content_5173533.htm

Chinese scientists invent first cooking robot


www.chinaview.cn 2006-10-10 11:01:00



BEIJING, Oct. 10 (Xinhua) -- China's first cooking robot, named AIC-AI Cooking robot, has been invented by scientists in Shenzhen in south China's Guangdong Province.

The robot, developed by Fanxing Science and Technology Co. Ltd in Shenzhen, is capable of Sichuan, Shandong and Canton cuisines and can cook thousands of Chinese dishes, according to a report in the Shenzhen Economic Daily.

The company spent four years and more than 2 million yuan (about 250,000 U.S. dollars) to develop the robot, said Liu Xinyu, executive director of the company.

Scientists translated standardized human cooking actions into machine language. The robot is happy to fry, bake, boil and steam, and can perform other special Chinese cooking actions.

At a show held by the company on Sunday, the robot cooked a dish of beautifully-flavored, attractive-looking shrimp in five minutes, said the newspaper.

The robot will help standardize Chinese fast food, said Cai Hegao, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

The robot will go on sale in 2007, and will enter Chinese homes sometime in the future, Liu Xinyu added. Enditem

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/10/content_5184156.htm

Can anyone upload related pictures, please?

i have no idea where can find the picure.
but you can go there ask them
this is a robot fans forum
http://post.baidu.com/f?kw=%BB%FA%C6%F7%C8%CB
another AI fans forum
http://post.baidu.com/f?ct=&tn=&rn=&pn=&lm=&sc=&kw=%C8%CB%B9%A4%D6%C7%C4%DC&rs2=0&myselectvalue=1&word=%C8%CB%B9%A4%D6%C7%C4%DC&submit=%B0%D9%B6%C8%CB%D1%CB%F7&tb=on
hope you can find you want ,good luck

This is the video

http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2006-10/09/content_5178642.htm

wow, I want to buy one to help prepare my daily meals.

There were already robots that could cook. Robots that take all the simple ingredients and make the food. Or is that you all believe all that food we find done in the groceries and super markets were made by humans? The best robot in europe that makes Shushi is from Netherland...

However, this chinese robot has an image that fits more with the tipically idea about robots...

Its nice!

Actually, for something to qualify as a robot, it has to possess AI, which means self awareness, independent thinking. If this "Robot" is merely a programmed machine in a humanoid form, then there really no so called "invention", as it is based upon existing technology, not reallying any break through.

Nearly one-third of this year's R&D is being conducted in the United States, compared with 13.4 percent in China. But America's share is declining, while China's is growing, and that trend will continue next year, according to Battelle.

For details:
http://www.battelle.org/news/06/2006report.pdf

This report is seriously questionable. Look at the table of "Perceived Technology Capability". This table was derived from polls. Probably only Indians were asked in the poll. How can India have better telecommunication technology than USA? How can India have better electronic research than China. As far as I know, India almost has no semiconductor industry. It only has several design house. How can India have better nanotechnology than China? China has far more publication in nanotechnology than India. How can India have better energy research than China? China's electricity generation is five times more than India. How can India have better basic research than China? China publishes far more academic papers than in India. This report must be joking.

I have found that India often perform better than China in poll, but China alway perform better in data. India must have done good job in publicity.

It's a "Perceived" Technology Capability so just take it easy. Focus more on China and US in this report.

It's a pity the report measures only on PPP GDP not nominal GDP. I believe the nominal GDP can give a better idea on the real R&D expenses and total precentage shares.

^^ It depends. If in a field China can wholy relies on herself perticularly national defence research, 1 RMB = 1~2 US$.

You can also check how much China spent on developing EAST superconducting Tokamak.

In general, PPP is more reliable than nominal.

中国首座实验快堆将于2010年试验发电

http://www.sina.com.cn 2006年10月16日17:20 新华网

　　新华网成都10月16日电（记者徐博 安蓓 海明威）中国核工业集团公司总经理康日新在16日开幕的“第21届国际聚变能大会”上说，正在建设中的功率为65兆瓦的中国首座实验快堆将于2009年6月建成达到临界，2010年6月试验发电。

　　快堆是一种先进的反应堆，也是目前唯一能够实现核能增值的先进堆型。快堆可大幅提高天然铀资源的利用率，对促进核电持续发展，解决中国后续能源供应问题具有重要意义。

　　目前，俄罗斯、英国、德国、美国等国家都已建成快堆，俄罗斯一个60万千瓦的商用快堆已运行了26年。

　　快堆建设凝聚了新中国几代人的心血。早在二十世纪六十年代后期，周恩来总理亲自批准将50公斤浓缩铀用于快堆零功率建设。九十年代后期，中国和俄罗斯签署有关协议，合作建造和运行这座快中子实验堆。计划建设的实验快堆热功率为65兆瓦，实验发电功率约20兆瓦。（完）

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAST

In this wiki-article about EAST superconducting tokamak, it says

According to official reports, the project's budget is a relatively small CNY ¥300 million (approx. USD $37 million), some 1/15 to 1/20 the cost of a comparable reactor built in other countries.

It clearly shows even PPP underestimates RMB if China can fully rely on herself.

PPP is more reliable estimate of National fortune, which is the exact reason why Japan, S Korea, Taiwan and Singapore's currencies appreciated by about 2~4 fold. As China's PPP per capita graduately approaches rich countries, we are going to witness a similar appreciation of RMB.

There were already robots that could cook. Robots that take all the simple ingredients and make the food. Or is that you all believe all that food we find done in the groceries and super markets were made by humans? The best robot in europe that makes Shushi is from Netherland...

However, this chinese robot has an image that fits more with the tipically idea about robots...

Its nice!

Actually,it' s the first robot that can cook Chinese food.:D

How much is this thing? I would say hiring a countryside nanny is probably more cost effective.

http://www.sinomanic.com/

Still at its infancy, but there are already several products ready to enter market.

Go China.

http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/17/18/10f086b50a7.jpg
http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/17/17/10f086ad9a8.jpg
http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/16/18/10f0850156f.jpg

http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/16/18/10f084ff72e.jpg
http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/16/18/10f084fc77d.jpg
http://notebook.yesky.com/imagelist/06/44/w25282244v29.jpg
http://notebook.yesky.com/imagelist/06/44/gl26n663fz4z.jpg

Try www.photobucket.com

http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/17/18/10f086b50a7.jpg
http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/17/17/10f086ad9a8.jpg
http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/16/18/10f0850156f.jpg

http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/16/18/10f084ff72e.jpg
http://img93.pp.sohu.com/images/blog/2006/10/23/16/18/10f084fc77d.jpg
http://notebook.yesky.com/imagelist/06/44/w25282244v29.jpg
http://notebook.yesky.com/imagelist/06/44/gl26n663fz4z.jpg

^^ gnome?

It's nice that China is investing in technology.

So when it will replace intel? Something we need to use ourselves...

^^ Honestly, it can replace intel now in governments or schools if there were enough PC makers to support it. Most of governement and school computers are used as word processors and simple calculators -- you don't need the latest intel processor or M$ windows for these applications, the low end Chinese CPUs and linux applications would be more than enough to do the job.

http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2006-11-15/08551237651.shtml

意法半导体将购买龙芯2E生产和全球销售权

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

http://www.sina.com.cn 2006年11月15日 08:55 新华网

　　新华网北京11月14日电 (记者 李斌 卫敏丽) 中国科学院计算技术研究所所长李国杰院士日前指出，作为中国自主创新的品牌，龙芯2以其低功耗、低成本的优势，将成为“穷人的CPU(中央处理器)”。

　　CPU(中央处理器)是计算机的“心脏”。长期以来，通用中央处理器市场被极少数跨国公司所垄断。

　　李国杰是在向前来中科院视察知识创新工程的全国政协委员们介绍龙芯CPU的产业化前景时作上述表示的。李国杰说：“龙芯2的优势是低功耗，只有3瓦，而一般CPU芯片功耗为20瓦至100瓦，其次是低成本，因此龙芯2是穷人的CPU，主打‘经济适用计算机’和高端嵌入式市场。”

　　据李国杰院士介绍，龙芯2E在法国流片成功以后，在全世界排名第五的集成电路生产厂商——意法半导体公司决定购买龙芯2E的生产和全球销售权。今年6月，中科院计算所和意法半导体公司签订技术许可协议，该公司计划每年销售龙芯芯片1000万片以上。

　　“这改变了长期以来我国在信息领域只有从国外引进核心技术的局面，第一次向国外大公司有偿发售CPU核心技术的使用许可，这是近年来计算所自主创新成果产业化的突出成绩。”李国杰院士指出，龙芯有可能先在国外打响。

　　据了解，龙芯是中国科学家自主研制的通用处理器，这改写了我国无“中国芯”的历史。“十五”期间，中科院计算所在863计划支持下，继2002年研制成功龙芯1号处理器芯片后，近年分别研制成功龙芯2的不同型号——龙芯2B、龙芯2C、龙芯2E，每个芯片的性能都是前一个芯片的3倍，实现了通用处理器设计的跨越发展。

"该公司计划每年销售龙芯芯片1000万片以上".

中國每片能賺多少錢? 全球销售权 ? 包不包括中國, 如果包括中國, 全球1000万, 在中國佔900萬, 要用意法公司來包銷嗎?

會不會像賣鞋一樣, 中國製鞋賺一元, 外國賣中國製的鞋賺十元?

Good question. I don't know yet.

中国又没有制造能力

开始阶段赔钱卖也是可以的，关键要在国际上建立品牌。

http://news.sohu.com/20061123/n246556376.shtml


热核国际实验区落户合肥 装置未来10年世界领先


时间：2006年11月23日01:15 　




【来源：新安晚报】
　　国际寻找人类新能源计划正式启动

　　热核国际实验区落户合肥

　　国际寻找人类新能源计划正式启动；“科学岛”为此将专门划出200亩土地

　　█ 章玉政 【2006年11月23日】

　　本报讯 本月21日，中美等七方正式签署国际热核聚变实验反应堆计划联合实验协定及相关文件。


位于合肥“科学岛”的中科院合肥研究院等离子体所将作为中国的主要承担单位之一，承担重要研发任务，并专门划出约200亩土地，作为热核聚变国际实验区。

　　“科学岛”十年内世界领先

　　在当天法国总统府的仪式上，代表中国政府签署协议的中国科技部部长徐冠华特意提到了合肥“科学岛”。

　　据中科院等离子体所工作人员告诉记者，以往人们往往将“科学岛”上的核聚变实验装置EAST称为“人造太阳”，其实这是一种误解。真正的“人造太阳”正是国际热核聚变实验反应堆计划所要达到的目标。只不过，合肥完成的这一实验装置，其技术路线与国际七方即将联合启动的国际热核计划是一致的，“科学岛”的成功可以为之提供工程和物理经验。EAST国际顾问委员会甚至将其成功放电命名为“全世界聚变能开发的重要里程碑”。

　　据悉，EAST装置的研究性能将在未来10年内保持世界领先。

　　承担多项核心项目研发

　　据等离子体所主页上的“聚变动态”专题显示，国际热核计划早在上个世纪80年代就被提出，其目标就是要建造一个可自持燃烧的核聚变实验堆，通过近亿度高温使氢的同位素氘、氚形成等离子体，发生核聚变反应，释放巨大能量。而氘和氚可以从海水中提取，取之不尽。

　　这为人类寻找新能源提供了最为现实的途径，在这一点上，中国尤其是合肥“科学岛”较早取得了令世界为之瞩目的惊喜。根据世界七方签署的协议，中国承担的10%的投资可以实物形式贡献，比如国际热核反应堆的相关部件。因此，中国将承担相当一批部件研发任务，涉及超导技术、大功率电源技术、遥控技术等，其中不乏核反应堆计划的核心项目。在科技部的牵头下，国内已有包括科研院所、高校、工业界等在内的相关单位参与。

　　“国际实验区”列上日程

　　安徽省、合肥市等对“科学岛”承接“人造太阳”计划的相关研发工作给予极大关注，并积极落实建设用地事宜。目前已初步划定“科学岛”围墙外北面及西北面约200亩的土地，作为热核聚变国际实验区。11月17日，由20多名专家组成的验收组对热核聚变国际实验区征地项目进行了评估验收。

　　目前，等离子体所正在号召科研人员参与国际热核计划国际组的报名工作。据了解，国际热核试验堆计划建设期投资46亿欧元，历时35年，是目前世界上仅次于国际空间站的大型国际科学工程计划，也是中国参加的规模最大的国际合作项目，将有数百名世界顶尖的核能科学家参与这一工作。

　　科研人员说，热核聚变试验堆类似于一个“试验性的人造太阳”，其建设、运行和实验研究是人类发展聚变能的必要一步，有可能直接决定真正聚变示范电站的设计和建设，并进而促进商用聚变电站的更快实现。（本报首席记者 章玉政）

(责任编辑：安世者)

2006民营企业技术创新能力50强榜单

序号
省份
企业名称

1
广东
华为技术有限公司

2
北京
华旗资讯数码科技有限公司

3
北京
北京汉王科技有限公司

4
广东
比亚迪集团有限公司

5
广东
深圳市朗科科技有限公司

6
重庆
力帆实业（集团）有限公司

7
广东
深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司

8
北京
北京中星微电子有限公司

9
浙江
正泰集团股份有限公司

10
广东
深圳海王药业有限公司

11
天津
天津天士力制药股份有限公司

12
广东
美的集团股份有限公司

13
广东
格兰仕集团有限公司

14
江苏
无锡尚德太阳能电力有限公司

15
江苏
双良集团有限公司

16
浙江
横店集团有限公司

17
浙江
华立集团有限公司

18
浙江
德力西集团有限公司

19
江西
汇仁集团有限公司

20
浙江
万向集团有限公司

21
重庆
金山科技（集团）有限公司

22
浙江
吉利集团有限公司

23
浙江
浙江苏泊尔炊具股份有限公司

24
上海
上海复星高科技集团有限公司

25
山东
青岛金王集团有限公司

26
湖南
三一重工股份有限公司

27
浙江
超人集团有限公司

28
浙江
浪莎针织有限公司

29
浙江
海亮集团有限公司

30
浙江
群升集团有限公司

31
内蒙古
蒙牛乳业（集团）股份有限公司

32
福建
恒安集团有限公司

33
上海
上海中大科技发展有限公司

34
江苏
扬子江药业集团有限公司

35
上海
上海普利特复合材料有限公司

36
湖南
远大空调集团公司

37
江苏
江苏牧羊集团有限公司

38
浙江
飞跃集团有限公司

39
浙江
宁波海天集团股份有限公司

40
浙江
雅戈尔集团股份有限公司

41
广东
广东深圳市联创实业有限公司

42
浙江
浙江日月首饰集团有限公司

43
浙江
金洲集团有限公司

44
北京
北京仁创科技集团有限公司

45
浙江
传化集团有限公司

46
河北
海湾安全技术有限公司

47
江苏
江苏阳光集团有限公司

48
浙江
人民电器集团有限公司

49
江苏
中利科技集团有限公司

50
辽宁
辽宁奥克化学集团有限公司

浙江最多，以前是浙江状元、院士多。现在，不错。

China’s overtakes Japan on R&D

By Geoff Dyer in Shanghai

Published: December 3 2006 21:42 | Last updated: December 3 2006 21:42

China has overtaken Japan to become the second biggest spender on research and development behind the US, a report from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development revealed.

The country is expected to invest $136bn in research and development this year after growing by more than 20 per cent in the past year, ahead of the the $130bn from Japan but still well behind the $330bn the US will invest, the OECD said.

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The report is the latest indication of the dramatic rise in research spending in China, which is beginning to cause concerns among western governments.

Dirk Pilat, head of the OECD’s science and technology division, said the surge in Chinese research was “stunning”. He added: “Chinese investment has been growing rapidly for some time, but it is still a surprise that it has overtaken Japan so quickly.”

Mr Pilat said that the bulk of the spending in China was on development work, to alter products for the fast-growing Chinese market, rather than basic scientific research.

The number of patents coming from China that were registered with the patent office in the US, Europe and Japan is still low and a string of recent scandals over academic fraud have also raised questions about how well the money is spent.

But Mr Pilat added that some multinationals were beginning to move genuine research to China because of the high numbers of skilled scientists they could recruit in Shanghai or Beijing. “There are some signs that they are starting to do fundamental or breakthrough work in China,” he said.

As well as increasing spending on university science departments, the government has also been eager to attract multinational companies to open research centres in the country.

Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2006

http://www.ft.com/cms/s/da4ed9f2-82fa-11db-a38a-0000779e2340.html

where can i find how much each country spend on R&D??

would be interesting to see how much russia,france, germany , england etc spend each..

where can i find how much each country spend on R&D??

would be interesting to see how much russia,france, germany , england etc spend each..

http://www.battelle.org/news/06/2006report.pdf

it's a good news,but the R&D/GDP of China is only 1.34% in 2005，I think it's too low.

I approve the big spending in R and D, the future well-being of chinese economy should be concentrate on high tech products like Japan once did, we can't rely on cheap labour to keep us prosperious forever.
But what is worrying is how much of that money if going into some corruppted officals' pockets.

China needs to invest more.

The Chinese plan issued last February called for raising total research spending still further to 2 percent of economic output by 2010 and 2.5 percent by 2020.
http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D8LQ0OI00.htm

2% is a good target for 2010, but raising this rate a mere 0.5% along the full next decade seems too conservative to me.

中国自己的操作系统在长沙诞生

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

【来源：人民网-人民日报】
　　本报北京12月4日讯　记者陶世安报道：由国防科技大学牵头承担的国家863计划软件重大专项课题――“服务器操作系统内核”，经过科研人员4年多的艰苦攻关与大胆创新，先后突破一系列核心技术，研制成功了目前我国通过认证的安全等级最高的操作系统――“银河麒麟”操作系统。




　　今天该系统在北京通过了由863计划信息领域办公室组织的专家验收。它的研制成功，是我国实施863计划的一项重大成果，标志着我国操作系统研发水平迈上了一个新台阶。目前，国防科大已先后与联想、中标软件等签署了“银河麒麟”操作系统的产业化合作协议，形成了一些满足行业用户需求的解决方案，成功应用于金融、政府、教育、证券等领域。同时，该操作系统已在国防领域相关信息系统中得到了成功应用。

　　长期以来，我国的计算机操作系统市场基本上被国外产品所占领，研制具有自主知识产权的操作系统是我国的一项战略决策。国防科大计算机学院的科研人员在历时4年的研制过程中，自主设计了层次式内核结构，有效结合开源软件的成果，面向需求，大胆创新，成功研制出拥有自主知识产权的“银河麒麟”服务器操作系统。

　　“银河麒麟”操作系统由自主研发的基本内核层和基于FreeBSD（一种Unix操作系统）改造的系统服务层组成，是一个拥有层次式内核、安全等级达到结构化保护级、能支持多种微处理器和多种计算机体系结构，并与Linux目标代码兼容的国产服务器操作系统。

　　中国软件测评中心等有关部门对“银河麒麟”操作系统进行了严格测试及资料与代码审核，结果表明“银河麒麟”操作系统实现了典型服务器操作系统的全部功能，具有高安全性、高可用性、强实时性、可扩展性和软硬件适配性等特点，系统整体性能与国际主流Unix操作系统相当，部分性能指标以及实时性指标更好。

　　目前，该系统已通过了自由标准组织（Free Standards Group）Linux标准基（LinuxStandardBase）认证，同时在国内率先通过了公安部等有关部门的安全认证。

　　名词解释

　　什么是服务器

　　服务器是网络环境中的高性能计算机，它侦听网络上其它计算机(客户机)提交的服务请求，并提供相应的服务。其实服务器与个人电脑的功能相类似，均是帮助人类处理信息的工具，只是二者的定位不同，个人电脑是为满足个人的多功能需要而设计的，而服务器是为满足众多用户同时在其上处理数据而设计的。

　　什么是操作系统

　　电子计算机系统中负责支撑应用程序运行环境以及用户操作环境的系统软件，同时也是计算机系统的核心与基石。它的职责常包括对硬件的直接监管、对各种计算资源（如内存、处理器时间等）的管理，以及提供诸如作业管理之类的面向应用程序的服务等等。目前，国际主流的通用操作系统软件有Windows系列操作系统，Unix和Linux操作系统等。

　　《人民日报海外版》 ( 2006-12-05 第01版 )

(责任编辑：水涨船高

Currently, it is a huge 'D' and a much smaller 'r', and this needs to be changed too.

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/05/science/05china.html?ref=asia


By DENNIS OVERBYE
Published: December 5, 2006

Mao Zedong dreamed of splitting an electron.

This was no idle diversion. According to natural dialectics, which formed the philosophical underpinnings of Marxism, the entire universe, from top to bottom, was seething with tension and change. As a result, Mao thought, nature should be infinitely divisible.

“Take a footlong stick and remove half every day. In 10,000 years it will not run out,” Mao, who rarely missed the chance to chat up physicists, often said. “This is truth. If you don’t believe it, you may test it. If there is an end, there is no science.”

Suitably inspired by such thoughts, in the 1960s Chinese physicists invented a sort of onion-layer theory of particles called the straton model, in which both protons and electrons have a common constituent. Sheldon Glashow, the physicist and Nobelist now at Boston University, once suggested that such a particle, if found, should be named the Maon.

But Mao’s Cultural Revolution, which was unleashed in 1966, closed universities and journals and set back Chinese physics for a generation. In the meantime, quarks beat out Maons as the constituents of protons. To this day the electron remains undivided.

Mao’s enthusiasm for particle physics nevertheless left a legacy.

Ever since 1989, in a collection of buildings occupying about a city block in Beijing, Chinese physicists have been quietly shooting electrons and their evil-twin opposites — positrons — around a 80-yard-diameter underground track at nearly the speed of light, and then banging them together in little fireballs of energy.

Over the years, the work at the Beijing collider has produced results that are critical to efforts on the frontier of particle physics at more famous and much larger accelerators — those that have racetracks miles around and trillion-electron-volt energies, like the Tevatron at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, known as Fermilab, outside Chicago, and the Large Hadron Collider, scheduled to open next year at the CERN laboratory near Geneva.

Next fall, the Beijing collider, which is shut down for a major upgrade, will be reborn with the ability to produce 100 times as many collisions it did before, enabling physicists to investigate the quantum property called charm and resolve some standing puzzles about quarks.

By the end of the decade, as the world’s physicists shift their attention and money to the new CERN collider, experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Menlo Park, Calif., and the Fermilab are expected to shut down. The Beijing collider then will be one of the few other particle accelerators still doing physics experiments left in the world, and Chinese physicists are trolling for collaborators.

“Although collaborations are still modest, golden physics opportunities exist in China,” Hesheng Chen, director of the Institute of High Energy Physics in Beijing, recently wrote in the physics magazine Symmetry.

More important, Chinese particle physicists are poised to make a major contribution to one of the grandest collaborations of all, a proposed giant accelerator called the International Linear Collider, or I.L.C. The world’s physicists have already determined that it will be the Next Big Thing, but how many billions it will cost and where it will be built have yet to be decided.

Still in planning stages, the linear collider would be designed to carry international research beyond any new laws of physics and forms of matter that may be discovered using the new machine at CERN.

“China is certainly interested in the I.L.C.,” said Dr. Chen, who is a member of the steering committee for the international collider, and one of the organizers of a meeting this week in Beijing, where Chinese scientists and industry and government leaders will start talking about what role to take in the project.

Jie Gao, a physicist at Beijing’s Institute of High Energy Physics and a member of the big collider’s design team who helped instigate this week’s meeting, said he hoped the conclusion was positive, “for the good of sciences, economy, education, a harmonious and peaceful world, and a sustainable development of human being.”

It wasn’t until the early 1970s, after the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution began to wind down, that Chinese physics began to recover. Zhou Enlai, China’s premier, took advantage of Mao’s enthusiasms to endorse the development of high-energy physics, including a long-dormant dream of building a Chinese particle accelerator. It didn’t hurt that particle physics was closely connected to nuclear weapons.

Zhou got support from so-called overseas Chinese scientists, who had begun to visit their homeland in droves, like Chen-Ning Yang, then of the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and Tsung-Dao Lee, of Columbia University, who were Nobelists and heroes in China, and who talked up the importance of basic research to Mao and others.

A group of Chinese physicists toured Western laboratories in 1973 and returned with their hearts set on building a collider that would bang protons together at energies of 50 billion electron volts. When Wolfgang Panofsky, the former director of the Stanford accelerator, first visited China in 1976 in the wake of the Tangshan earthquake that killed hundreds of thousands, and after the deaths of Mao and Zhou, he was struck by the desire of the Chinese people to carry on, even though many were living in tents in the streets.

But Dr. Panofsky and others, including Dr. Lee, argued that a more modest machine would serve China better.

“We talked them out of it,” Dr Panofsky said. In 1982, in the midst of economic difficulties, the proton machine was canceled in favor of one that would collide electrons and positrons at the much lower energy of around 2 billion electron volts. Such a machine would produce synchrotron radiation, which has medical and other uses as well as a role in particle research. The site of the accelerator was also moved from a remote area outside Beijing near the Ming tombs into the city.

President Deng Xiaoping himself showed up to shovel dirt at the groundbreaking.

Dr. Panofsky remembered being in Beijing for a presentation on physics and the collider.

“Deng shut us up and gave an hour-and-a-half lecture on the beauty of high-energy physics,” Dr. Panofsky said. To learn the business, a group of Chinese accelerator engineers spent a summer at the Stanford accelerator.

“It was quite a scene,” Dr. Panofsky recalled. “We had 30 Chinese engineers in Mao suits running in and out of our lab.” It only took four years, an astonishingly short time, to build the Beijing collider.

“It was finished on time and on budget,” said Dr. Chen, who had returned to China from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1980s to work at the physics institute. where he became director in 1998. The size of the Beijing collider was based on what could be achieved at the time, but it turned out to be a fortuitous choice.

“The energy was lower but it was more interesting,” Dr. Chen said.

Particle colliders get their oomph from Einstein’s famous equivalence of mass and energy. The more energy they can pack into those tiny fireballs, the closer physicists approach the conditions of the Big Bang itself, and the more massive and strange particles can be created — as permitted by the laws of physics prevailing at those temperatures and times.

New particles, heralding perhaps new laws, are often first glimpsed by the mighty proton colliders. But such collisions are intrinsically messy and hard to understand because of all the junk that lives inside protons, and physicists often leave new particles behind and unstudied in their rush to build the next bigger machine and, in effect, go farther back in time.

The energy range of the Beijing collider, 1 to 2.2 billion electron volts per beam, contained a lot of puzzling left-behind physics, including the tau, a sort of superfat electron, for which nature has no obvious purpose, and the so-called J/psi. The J/psi, consisting of a pair of quarks each exhibiting the quantum property known whimsically as charm, set off a revolution and led to Nobel prizes when it was discovered in 1974.

“There is a lot going on in that energy region,” said Frederick A. Harris, a professor of physics at the University of Hawaii, who works often at the Beijing collider. By tuning the energy of their colliding beams, the Chinese researchers have been able to measure the mass of the tau very precisely, as well as carry out detailed studies of the J/psi and similar particles.

In the collider’s energy range, Dr. Chen said simply, “We dominate.”

Among the collider’s achievements, Dr. Harris said, was the most precise measurement yet of a number called “R.” In the so-called standard model, which currently rules particle physics, this parameter measures the likelihood of fireballs produced in the collider to materialize into so-called hadrons, particles made of quarks as opposed to other, simpler particles known as muons. That involved “changing the machine energy 91 times,” explained Dr. Harris.

When physicists at CERN fire up their new Large Hadron Collider, which will eventually collide protons with 7 trillion electron volts of energy, in search of new particles and clues to new unified laws of physics, the Beijing data on this parameter will be critical to their analyses.

“They are all dependent on measurements made in China at lower energy,” Dr. Harris said.

Dr. Panofsky, of the Stanford accelerator, said: “Most economic growth is not due to new invention, but making things faster and cheaper. High energy physics mirrors this. In China they measure things known to exist better and with higher accuracy than in the West.”

The improvement of the Beijing collider will extend the Chinese hegemony over this energy range, allowing the experiments to gather 100 times more data on rare events.

Recently, there has been a flurry of sightings at other particle experiments of other particles made of multiple quarks, including a proton and antiproton stuck together to make a six-quark particle first predicted by the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi in 1948. Confirmation of the existence of such particles would be an important clue for theorists who try to navigate intractable equations to calculate the properties of quarks.

“Do they exist or not?” Dr. Panofsky asked. “Tune in next year.”Completing the Beijing improvements, Dr. Chen has said, will also free Chinese accelerator experts to concentrate their energies on the international effort to build the proposed International Linear Collider some time in the next decade.

The proposed I.L.C. would shoot electrons and positrons at each other with 500 billion electron volts of energy through a tunnel 20 miles long. An approximate price tag will be announced when the international collider planning team meets in Beijing this February.

Since this collider is being planned to follow up on discoveries made at CERN, and is likely to cost several billion dollars, it probably won’t be approved by the governments that would have to do the heavy financial lifting until the end of the decade — when the new CERN collider has something to show for itself.

“The I.L.C is still a mythical beast,” Dr. Panofsky said.

Yet the jockeying for where to put the machine has already begun. The host country for the collider would have the advantage of being the center of 21st-century physics, but would have to bear a larger share of the cost.

Last spring, a report from the National Academy of Sciences urged the United States to do what it takes to get it built here rather than in Europe or Asia, or face the prospect of relinquishing traditional leadership in physics.

Barry C. Barish, a California Institute of Technology physicist who is head of the design team for the international collider, said the “informal plan” is for China’s role to grow in the coming years. Just how much depends on what kind of commitment the Chinese government decides to make.

Dr. Harris said, “The rate China is growing, this is something they could contemplate hosting in 10 years.” Although few accelerator experts expect China to be that aggressive, nobody really knows what the future holds. Given the explosive growth of China’s economy and the vow of the country’s leaders to emphasize science and technology, it is natural to wonder whether some future particles will have Chinese names the way many of the bright stars in the sky have Arabic names. Thanks to the Beijing collider, said Dr. Chen, “A new generation of accelerator engineers and data engineers is growing up.”

It has helped them that “now a person can have a reasonable life if you are interested in science,” said Dr. Chen, who spent part of the Cultural Revolution years as a high school teacher.

A middle generation of scientists have returned from the diaspora to pitch in. Among them is Dr. Gao, who came back to China a couple of years ago after spending 15 years in France. He is leading the design of the so-called damping rings that will keep the particle beams of the international collider tightly focused. Dr. Gao said he was struck by the pace of life in today’s China.

“Another big surprising change is that all Chinese are very busy in all fields, the work is busy and the life is busy,” Dr. Gao said. “I am terribly tired, but very happy, there are too many things to learn, to do and to improve.”

China already has world's first super-conducting tokamak, EAST, which will be the prototype of the international ITER reactor. This again, shows how much China has changed.

Five years on, copyright theft remains a Chinese trademark

BEIJING, Dec 7, 2006 (AFP) - When Shanghai police broke up a counterfeit pharmaceuticals ring that produced fake Tamiflu in August, it seemed a blow had been struck against China's notorious intellectual property thieves.

Tamiflu, produced by Roche, is one of the few treatments deemed effective against bird flu, and the seizure of 400 kilograms of the potentially dodgy pills might end up saving lives in the next outbreak.

But the bust also underlined the fact that, five years after China entered the World Trade Organization with a pledge to curb intellectual property (IP) theft, its trademark pirates are still flourishing.

And they are increasingly moving into more sophisticated and potentially dangerous product lines, plugging into international distribution networks and, ironically, the free trade engendered by the WTO, experts say.

Fake drugs is an issue of huge concern to the World Health Organization.

"This is a completely different issue from pirated shirts, watches or DVDs, because you don't die from those products," the WHO's chief China representative, Henk Bekedam, told AFP in an interview.

When asked how many people were dying each year in China from fake drugs, Bekedam said: "The numbers are not small".

He said the Chinese government was now acknowledging that a problem existed, unlike a few years ago.

However with up to 5,000 pharmaceutical manufacturers and around 10,000 drug distributors, he said the industry was far too big and unwieldy to control.

Observers note the situation is similar in other industries, with China doing more to stop theft of copyrights, trademarks, patents and other intellectual property with crackdowns and more prosecutions.

But they say successes like the Shanghai bust are a drop in the ocean compared with the billions in potential sales lost annually by foreign -- and Chinese -- firms through such piracy.

Measuring piracy-related losses globally is difficult but there is little doubt who is the worst offender.

US companies alone lost at least 2.6 billion dollars in potential sales in 2005 due to Chinese piracy involving business and entertainment software, music, movies and books, according to the US-based International Intellectual Property Alliance.

That is 36 percent more than from the next-worst violator, Russia.

Other estimates put worldwide losses at the hands of the Chinese in the hundreds of billions of dollars.

China was reminded last month of foreign concern over the issue when the US and EU trade chiefs complained in back-to-back visits that China was still not doing enough as its five-year WTO phase-in period nears its end on December 11.

There are deep-rooted reasons why China, known as "the world's factory", will likely remain the world's bootlegger for some time, experts say.

The concept of intellectual property rights is not ingrained in a country where, up until about three decades ago, everything was owned by the state, they say.

And in China's vast bureaucracy, orders handed down by the central government in Beijing carry less weight elsewhere in the country, where piracy is dealt with by local officials who may have an interest in letting it flourish.

"The old Chinese axiom, 'the mountains are high and the emperor is far away' is alive and well today," said professor Andrew Mertha, a China piracy expert at Washington University in the United States.

Funding for intellectual property rights enforcement also remains thin in a country with myriad other social, economic and environmental issues to deal with, said Jack Chang, chairman of the IP protection subcommittee of the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai.

"In the last two to three years, we have seen a stronger political will, particularly in the central government, to fight IP crime. But the resources of the Chinese police are very limited compared to the spread of criminal activities," he said.

China's attitude toward enforcement is on raucous display in Beijing's notorious Silk Market, where counterfeit brands are openly sold just a few hundred meters from the US embassy.

"We're not afraid," said a merchant surnamed Xu, when asked about police visits to the five-story emporium.

"Sometimes they walk through, but do nothing," she said. "You buy shirt?"

Little progress is expected until China develops a more robust legal system catering to individual rights and until more Chinese innovators have their own piracy rights to protect.

Ultimately, foreign companies may come to view IP losses as the price of admission to China's potentially vast market, said Mertha.

"Many companies have painfully learned the lesson that they must conform to the environment in China, not the other way around," he said.

I wonder if it can motivate more Chinese scholars to stay in China rather than going overseas:?

You need to increase wages, living standards, and protection of intellectual rights for that to happen.

You need to increase wages, living standards, and protection of intellectual rights for that to happen.

Well, the first three has definitely been achieved, and the for the third one, it's not as if there are no law regulating it, and it's not like the government doesnt want to enforce it. But the fire has burnt to a such fierce degree that it cannot be easily ceased if you know what i mean.

Well, the first three has definitely been achieved, and the for the third one, it's not as if there are no law regulating it, and it's not like the government doesnt want to enforce it. But the fire has burnt to a such fierce degree that it cannot be easily ceased if you know what i mean.

Well, I suppose wages have improved by a lot in China but the best paying R&D jobs are still in the US. Wages need to be competitive internationally, not just domestically, and there is still a common perception that living standards and educational prospects for your children will be better in Western countries like the United States.

IMO, high tech make-work projects like the space program are excellent examples of the government trying to keep its most promising engineers and researchers in the country. It is a worthy pursuit.

Btw, what does "the fire has burnt to a such fierce degree" mean? I assume it is some Chinese 成语. :D

If you look at EVERY issue of the highest journals such as Science, Nature or Cell, you will nearly 100% sure to see at least one article by Chinese researcher as the first author. Right now most of them are in foreign institutions, but as China getting rich, you should not be surprised that China makes more discovery.

I guess I will be just one of the numerous, can't wait to go back.



This is the lastest Cell issue I just read, 3 of 11 are by Chinese as the first authors.
http://www.cell.com/content/current

It is no doubt there are many outstanding Chinese scholars. You can find Chinese authors (at least the names indicate) easily in almost every journal out there but most of them are associated with foreign institutes. IMHO, it is a loss to the country, I hope the mainland government gets the idea. :)

^^You are right.
And I think that's why they are using everything to lure them to come back.

真的么？

买来的，不能算中国的，浪费钱而已

阚凯力：中国上3G是个错误决定

2006-12-15 10:24:26　

来源: 新华网

　　阚凯力表示，现在国际上凡是做3G的运营商，都赔得一塌糊涂，典型例子是香港的李嘉诚。世界电信巨头，包括美国的北方电信、摩托罗拉等都纷纷宣布退出3G。


备受关注的我国3G即将发牌，但是在日前召开的财经年会上，3G问题仍然引起与会中外专家激辩。

北京邮电大学教授阚凯力对电信行业非常不看好，初步判断10年左右走向衰退。

他认为，近二三十年来，网络技术发生了翻天覆地的变化，光缆通信普及应用，IP技术得到全世界普及，几乎所有电信业务都可以在IP技术上实现，而且效果比以前好得多。

互联网属于全民共建、全民共享，IP技术的普遍推广，必然引起网络与业务的分离，这从根本上打击了现在电信运营商纵向整合的生存基础。

原因首先是网络电话基本免费，而现在电信运营商70%-80%的收入来自话费；其次是IP技术近两年来迅速进入无线领域，今年夏天全球已有400多个城市由政府主导实现了无线宽带覆盖。而且手机上也捆绑了这种技术，因此移动运营商也将面临生存危机。

“3G本质上还是维持了电信运营商原来的模式，这种模式必然失败。因此，中国上3G是个错误决定。”阚凯力坚决地表示，现在国际上凡是做3G的运营商，都赔得一塌糊涂，典型例子是香港的李嘉诚。世界电信巨头，包括美国的北方电信、摩托罗拉等都纷纷宣布退出3G。

但中国通讯企业协会副会长郝为民却针锋相对地指出：“3G不是上不上的问题，而是如何发展的问题。”

波士顿咨询公司副总裁MICHAEL也表示：“中国现在还有好多人没有享受到网络服务，而3G是一种现代化技术，它可以成为运营商的一种选择。3G只是一种工具，不同企业可以有不同的选择。”

阚凯力进一步道出了不发展3G的理由：“中国应该大力发展无线网络电话IP技术。但是事实上，中国许多政策都在限制发展IP电话，这是利益集团作用的结果。”

他呼吁，信息产业部应尽快明确发展网络电话政策以及无线宽带WIFI技术等政策。“电信行业作为第五公用事业而出现，应该由政府主导，而不是电信运营商主导。北京推动信息化工程，应该大力推动WIFI技术。WIFI带宽至少比3G高1至2个数量级，价格成本则比3G低好几个数量级。”

阚凯力还向大家算了一笔账：“如果用WIFI实现奥运会场馆的覆盖，最多只需100多万元，与3G比较是微不足道的成本。”

他举例说，前不久，新加坡政府宣布，向整个新加坡提供免费的无线宽带覆盖，用信息化建设推动国民经济和社会发展。此举为中国提供了很好的借鉴。

http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2006-12/17/content_5498876.htm

Mach + BSD + Linux = Kylin

中國50年成科技超強 英國官方報告預測
(明報) 12月 22日 星期五 05:10AM
【明報專訊】英國官方一份報告預測，未來50年中國將冒起成為世界科技超級強國，它的太空計劃甚至將引發新一輪太空競賽，中國將與美國爭先在2020年前派太空人登陸月球。不過，中國科學院專家表廣 告

示，中國科技穩步發展是大趨勢，但與歐美相比，仍然相去甚遠。

英國政府周三（20日）發表集科技界數百名專家撰寫的研究報告，預測21世紀科技界的發展。

中美或爭派太空人登月

英國《獨立報》引述政府首席科學顧問金格（David King）說，預測今後10至15年的科技發展情形的難度很大，但他亦指出，在未來50年至21世紀結束之前，中國很可能成為科技超級強國。中國科技在未來20年將急速發展，中國製造的貨品會變得更加先進及更有價值。

報告還特別提到中國的太空事業，指中國的經濟發展及民族自豪感，將引發新一輪太空探索競賽，中國可能和美國競爭，爭先在2020年前派太空人登陸月球。除了中國外，新加坡(相關新聞 - 網站)、南韓及巴西(相關新聞 - 網站)也被認為將是科技界新興國家。

中國科學院中國現代化研究中心學者何傳啟昨日接受本報訪問時表示，不同學者對超級大國的定義不同，他很難評論英國專家的預測。不過，從客觀的數據看，目前中國的科技人員數在全球排行第二，僅次於美國；中國的科研資金佔國民生產總值的比例亦不斷增長，在全球排名約為第六，因此中國科技發展肯定是大趨勢。

內地學者指尚難與歐美比較

不過，何傳啟認為，中國近年成功發射載人太空船，只能證明中國在科技某個領域上有突破，根本不能與美國相提並論；中國在科學發現、科技發明、科技商業化這三方面亦遠遠落後歐美。他認為，中國人均收入只有1000多美元，中國要挑戰歐美成為科技大國，為時尚早。

我国"人造太阳"首获非圆截面偏滤器等离子体

http://it.sohu.com/20070126/n247853063.shtml

2007年01月26日09:26 [我来说两句] [字号：大 中 小] 来源：新华网 　　


新华网合肥１月２５日电（杨文婷、蔡敏）继１４日成功开始第二轮物理实验以来，我国新一代“人造太阳”实验装置——位于合肥的全超导非圆截面核聚变实验装置（ＥＡＳＴ）近日首次获得了拉长比为１．７（即等离子体截面竖轴与横轴半径的比值）、时间３．７秒的非圆截面偏滤器等离子体。




　　远赴法国参加国际热核聚变实验反应堆计划相关会议的中国科学院等离子体物理研究所副所长武松涛在电话中向记者透露了这一成果。

　　“在全超导核聚变实验装置上获得这种位形的等离子体，在世界范围内尚属首次。”武松涛说，“非圆截面等离子体的获得非常重要，对于今后进一步发挥这一装置的功能将起到奠基作用。”

　　在去年９月进行的ＥＡＳＴ第一轮实验中，科学家们获得了圆形截面等离子体。而获得先进的运行位形——非圆截面等离子体是本轮物理实验的主要目标之一，也是将来实施聚变反应堆计划所必需的等离子体位形。

　　偏滤器是未来聚变堆排灰及取能的部件。非圆截面偏滤器等离子体的获得，意味着可以把等离子体内部的杂质排出，从而使核聚变能的热量得以释放，推动汽轮机实现发电。由７国参与、计划在法国建造的国际热核聚变实验反应堆（ＩＴＥＲ）将采用这一位形的等离子体。

　　２００６年９月２８日，ＥＡＳＴ首次建成并投入运行。在第一轮实验中，科学家们获得了电流超过５００千安、时间近５秒的圆形截面高温等离子体。ＥＡＳＴ成为世界上第一个同时具有全超导磁体和主动冷却结构的核聚变实验装置。它的建成，使我国迈入磁约束核聚变领域先进国家行列。

　　ＥＡＳＴ第二轮物理实验是从１月１４日开始的，计划将进行到今年２月１０日左右。

(责任编辑：buyi)

我国核聚变研究取得重大进展

http://news.cctv.com/xwlb/20070127/102090.shtml

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
央视国际 www.cctv.com　　2007年01月27日 21:24 来源：CCTV.com
　　CCTV.com消息（新闻联播）：记者说：“我现在是在位于成都的中国核工业集团西南物理研究院，我身边的这台装置叫做中国环流器二号Ａ受控核聚变实验装置。最近，我国科学家首次使这个装置内部的等离子体电子温度达到了5500万度。这个温度，向实现核聚变点火所需的亿度高温，迈进了非常重要的一步。”

　　“核聚变”的原理类似于太阳发光发热。也就是在上亿摄氏度的高温下，利用氢的同位素氘和氚发生聚变反应获得巨大能量。因为氘和氚可以从海水中提取，并且不产生温室气体和高放射性核废料，因此被认为是未来人类能源的希望所在。尽可能地提高温度，是进行核聚变实验的一个重要条件。此前，只有欧洲、美国曾达到过亿度高温。而我国曾获得的等离子体最高温度仅有2000多万度。

　　核工业西南物理研究院 院长 潘传红说：“由于我们有了5500万度，使得我们过去在低参数下不能开展的课题，现在有可能开展了，使得我们跟国际聚变界顶级的科学家对话距离缩短。我们的自信空前加强。”

　　与此同时，中科院合肥等离子体所于近日在新一代全超导核聚变装置上获得了非圆截面偏滤器等离子体，这是世界上首次在这种装置上获得这种位形的等离子体，对深入核聚变研究有重要作用。

责编：霍筠霞

视频
http://news.cctv.com/science/20070127/100885.shtml

这个核聚变装置在成都，和在合肥的EAST托卡马克是不一样的。

中兴通讯透露参加3GSM大会将展示的技术
http://www.sina.com.cn 2007年02月07日 11:34 新浪科技
　　新浪科技讯　2月12日，3GSM展会在巴塞罗那会展中心拉开序幕。中兴通讯表示，其在展会期间不仅将展示其UTMS和 WIMAX等全套设备和解决方案，支持平滑演进多网融合的IMS系统，增值服务和多款3G手机等产品和技术，同时还将发布公司3G在高端市场的最新进展。以下为中兴通讯将在展会展示的技术，

　　UMTS技术

　　此次展会上，中兴通讯展示了符合“新一代运维工厂”建网理念的WCDMA系列基站，比如，ZXWR R8840作为室外型宏覆盖射频拉远基站产品，采用中兴通讯独有的DPD＋Doherty新一代功放技术，功放效率达到30%，大大降低了运营商的运营成本；ZXWR R8840堪称目前业界最小的基站产品，体积仅19升、重量仅为17公斤，工程安装非常方便。

　　同时，中兴通讯展出了一款更为小巧的家庭型基站产品HOME-NODEB，该产品由中兴通讯与三星最新合作开发，主要应用于广受客户关注的家庭室内覆盖，预计将于2007年下半年正式投入商用。这必将更好地满足运营商的室内覆盖需求，消除数据业务的一个关键瓶颈。

　　中兴通讯通过不断技术创新促进了WCDMA商用能力，并已经在全球二十多个国家得到应用。截至目前，由中兴通讯独家承建的总容量100万线的利比亚WCDMA网络商用放号已超过30万，支持HSDPA 并已投入应用，成为全球WCDMA为数不多的可盈利案例。

　　“判断一个WCDMA是否成功，其主要判断标准就是商用用户数量。通过三高三低建网方案帮助运营商快速建网、快速发展用户和赢利是中兴通讯的责任和义务。”中兴通讯WCDMA产品总经理方晖表示：“三高三低不但是WCDMA未来的发展趋势，也是运营商通过WCDMA网络实现可赢利运营的关键。”

　　IMS技术

　　IMS作为中兴通讯展出的一个亮点，将展出覆盖核心层、业务层、接入层等全系统IMS设备及PC客户端，并开辟专区着重展示其亮点业务和体验：如SoftDA业务，包括电子白板、E- CHAT聊天、呈现等。

　　中兴通讯推出的IMS方案适应网络IP化的趋势，支持平滑演进的多网融合，具有强大的业务支持能力，除传统话音业务外，能够提供即时消息、多媒体彩铃、多媒体会议、电子白板、E- CHAT聊天、呈现、群组管理、动态号码簿、应用共享等丰富的多媒体业务。

　　中兴通讯已与欧洲、北美等有显著需求的高端市场运营商进行了IMS的合作，并在高端运营商市场取得了实质性突破。中兴通讯启动了未来两年内与欧洲主流运营商开展IMS测试活动的计划，而且与法国电信联合进行IMS客户端和IMS手机研发。2006年10月，中兴通讯在Verizon实验室参加了GMI 2006全球互通测试，并成为为数不多通过测试的厂商之一。

　　3G手机

　　此次展会上，中兴将推出全球速度最快的HSUPA数据卡MF365。MF365同时是HSDPA/HSUPA数据卡，上行速率可达到2.0M,下行速率3.6M。HSUPA是继HSDPA后，WCDMA标准的又一次重要演进。此前，中兴通讯已经先后推出了全球首款下行速率3.6M和7.2M的HSDPA数据卡。此次率先在全球推出HSUPA数据卡，说明在3.5G技术上，中兴通讯已经走在了业界前列。

　　同进，中兴通讯还将展示其多款3G高端手机，如WCDMA的DVB-H电视手视，HSDPA手机、超薄手机及GSM高端智能手机。凭借强大的研发和快速响应能力，中兴通讯手机不断实现和黄、BT等高端运营商的研发及市场合作，并成功进入欧洲市场销售。据悉，近日中兴通讯DVB-H标准的电视手机将批量销往意大利等欧洲地区；同时，中兴通讯十余款3G终端亦空降中国台湾地区。

　　很显然，对欲跻身欧洲市场的中兴通讯来说，经过持之以恒的努力，目前欧洲这扇“窄门”正在越开越宽，越来越多眼光挑剔的跨国运营商们开始考虑加强与中兴通讯合作。

　　国际舞台上的中国公司

　　在前不久的香港ITU电信展上，中兴通讯凭借香港主场的有利条件为自己赢来极大人气。500平米的超大黄金展位、从机场一直到展厅的“ZTE”广告，以及所有参展商吊牌上的“ZTE”标志，都使得所有参展商不得不把目光聚集在中兴通讯这个正在崛起的中国公司身上。

　　此次巴塞罗那3GSM展会，这家中国公司将继续加大其在欧洲市场和3G领域的影响力。展览中心主干道两侧飘扬的38面“ZTE”旗帜广告，和印有“ZTE”LOGO的2万个资料袋，都展示着以中兴通讯为代表的中国公司正融入国际化并力争成为世界级卓越企业的雄心，以及他们在国际电信行业正在加大和不可忽视的影响力。

　　伴随3G技术日趋成熟和新技术不断涌现，全球通信行业正在发生着巨大变革。2007年，全球不少区域都将发出3G牌照。而中国的3G建设也将在2007年更趋明朗化，这对在TD-SCDMA、WCDMA、CDMA2000均早已有所作为的中兴通讯来说，将意味着一个非常大的机会。

　　“中兴通讯拥有敏锐的技术‘定位力’”，著名咨询机构Yankee Group亚太区副总裁王学军近期一份《在中国通信市场做出正确的技术选择》报告中，对中兴通讯准确的技术把握能力做了高度评价，尤其对中兴通讯在PHS、CDMA、TD的战略选择予以了肯定。这家来自中国的通信公司，正在把他敏锐的触角伸向欧洲。按照中兴通讯的战略规划，除目前新兴市场外，从长远看，欧美国家必将成为中兴通讯的主要战场之一。从近期中兴通讯取得的一些与欧洲跨国运营商合作来看，这个进程正在一步步缩短。

http://it.sohu.com/20070302/n248456369.shtml

新华网北京3月1日电（记者孙闻蔡敏)中国科学院在此间宣布，中国新一代“人造太阳”实验装置——位于合肥的全超导非圆截面核聚变实验装置（EAST），1日在合肥顺利通过了国家发改委组织的国家竣工验收。

　　由国家发改委副主任张晓强和中科院副院长白春礼带领的验收委员会宣布：该项目全面优质地完成了工程建设任务；该装置具有完整的自主知识产权，目前处于国际同类装置领先水平；为中国全面参与即将建设的国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）计划创造了良好的条件。


　　验收委员会认为，这一具有中国自主知识产权的新一代全超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置率先在中国成功建成，整个实验系统运行稳定可靠，装置主机及其重要子系统均达到或超过设计指标，国家重大科学工程项目“EAST超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置”已经全面、优质完成。

　　能源问题是关乎世界各国社会经济可持续发展的重大问题。面对日益严峻的能源危机，人们将希望的目光寄托在可控热核聚变上。控制核聚变，就是让核聚变产生的能量得到约束，像太阳一样温柔平和地长期释放——实现核聚变发电，这就是EAST的终极目标。所以它被人们称为“人造太阳”实验装置。

　　该项工程于1998年7月由国家计委正式立项，2000年10月正式开工建设，国家投资1．65亿元，由位于合肥的中国科学院等离子体所承担。

　　该项目工程在建设过程中自主发展了65项关键技术和新技术，创造了多个国内乃至国际第一。等离子体所自主生产了EAST所需的总长度达35公里的大电流铠装电缆超导导体（CICC），这不但使得中国的CICC制造技术处在世界先进行列，产量世界第一，同时创造性发展了一整套大型超导磁体制造工艺，全面提升了中国大型超导磁体设计、制造和综合实验测试能力。

　　EAST的成功建设也得到国际聚变研究专家的高度极高评价。《科学》、《自然》杂志的记者曾专程来访，并对EAST进行了长篇报道。由29位国际聚变界权威人士组成的国际顾问委员在评价意见中指出：“EAST是全世界聚变工程的非凡业绩，是全世界聚变能开发的杰出成就和重要里程碑”。与国际同类实验装置相比，EAST是使用资金最少，建设速度最快，投入运行最早，投入运行后最快获得首次等离子体的先进超导托卡马克核聚变实验装置。

　　EAST是世界上第一个具有非圆截面的全超导托卡马克，也是具有国际先进水平的新一代核聚变实验装置。EAST团队在大型超导磁体的设计、制造、超导磁体性能测试、精密加工等方面取得了重大突破，独立自主加工制造了超导托卡马克所有核心部件和绝大多数的关键设备，其自主研发部分大于90％，实现了EAST装置的安装调试运行放电一次成功。

　　专家预计，从EAST到真正的“人造太阳”，至少还要有50年甚至更长时间。

　　人造太阳实验装置创国内核聚变高温记录

　　我国新一代“人造太阳”实验装置－－位于合肥的全超导非圆截面核聚变实验装置（EAST）近日通过了国家重大科学工程中科院各专业组验收。

　　我国的“人造太阳”核聚变实验装置创下了5500万度的国内最高温度记录，专家认为，这标志着我国核聚变研究又跃上了一个台阶。

　　人类利用核能的最终目标，是实现受控核聚变。核裂变时是靠原子核分裂释放出能量，核聚变则由较轻的原子核聚合成较重的原子核而释放出能量。最常见的是由氢的同位素氘和氚聚合成较重的原子核（如氦），从而释放出能量。

　　目前实现核聚变有不少方法。最著名的是“托卡马克”型磁场约束法——利用巨大环形超导磁场，对等离子体进行加热、约束，创造可以控制的产生聚变的物理条件。2006年，中国、印度、日本、俄罗斯、韩国、美国和欧盟的代表在法国签署国际热核聚变实验反应堆计划联合实施协定，使热核聚变实验研究的工业化应用成为可能。

　　国际上将核聚变研究的发展分为6个阶段：原理性研究阶段、规模实验阶段、点火装置实验阶段（氘氚燃烧实验）、反应堆工程物理实验阶段、示范反应堆阶段、商用化反应堆阶段。

精彩专题

我国的“人造太阳”核聚变实验装置创下了5500万度的国内最高温度记录，专家认为，这标志着我国核聚变研究又跃上了一个台阶。


不过这个记者很不专业。创造5500万度高温的是在四川成都的环流（HL）聚变装置，而不是在安徽合肥的EAST装置。两个装置的目标完全不同。

A brief description of EAST tokamak, world's first superconducting fusion device.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAST

不过这个记者很不专业。创造5500万度高温的是在四川成都的环流（HL）聚变装置，而不是在安徽合肥的EAST装置。两个装置的目标完全不同。

有什么不同?

1. 核聚变反应温和的持续进行，如在太阳中一样，需要上亿度的高温。这是环流聚变器要解决的问题。

2. 核聚变器需要超强的电流，用常规的电路就会导致电线高温烧坏。利用超导技术，能够使超强电流源源不断地提供给聚变器，并使之产生强大磁场，让聚变反应进行下去。这是EAST 要解决的问题。

I could not read chinese. So what this means? Does the chinese try to produce electric energy by means of magnetic fusion/nuclear fusion? And does it reach a breakthrough?

I could not read chinese. So what this means? Does the chinese try to produce electric energy by means of magnetic fusion/nuclear fusion? And does it reach a breakthrough?


Using fusion reaction from ratioacitve isotopes of hydrogen including deutrium and tritium to helium, immerce energy can be generated, that is basically what powers sun and what nuclear fusion is mostly about. The most likely way of achiving fusion is supercoducting tokamak, which I am going to skip the detailed explanation. But just let you know that the international ITER reactor (www.iter.org) will be a superconducting tokamak, but world's first superconducting tokamak is China's EAST, which is likely 20 years ahead of ITER.

Also please read a report from Nature.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7105/full/442853a.html

Nature 442, 853 (24 August 2006) | doi:10.1038/442853a; Published online 23 August 2006

China set to make fusion history
Ichiko Fuyuno

Plasma physics comes under scrutiny in new breed of tokamak.

The world's first fully superconducting tokamak is soon to produce a discharge of ionized gas or plasma.

If all goes as planned, China's Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) project will make its first plasma in the next few weeks.

EAST uses superconducting coils to create a magnetic field that confines plasma inside a doughnut-shaped vessel known as a tokamak. The behaviour of the plasma should shed light on the potential of nuclear fusion as an energy source.

Conventional experimental fusion machines use copper coils, or a combination of copper and superconducting coils, to trap the hot plasma. But copper coils heat up and need to be cooled down regularly, thus limiting operating time. EAST has only superconducting coils so it can be operated continuously.

The US$25-million machine sets the stage for the multibillion-dollar ITER fusion experiment that is to be built in France; ITER, due to start operations in 2016, is similarly designed to be all-superconducting.


INST. PLASMA PHYS., CHINESE ACAD. SCI.

In the lead: if China's EAST project is a success, it will pave the way for other major fusion experiments around the world.
"We'll need new energy resources for a long-term period, and fusion will be one of them," says Peide Weng, deputy manager and chief engineer of the EAST project at the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. "For commercial use, it should be superconducting because it will need continuous operation."

China approved the machine in 1998, as part of a push towards new energy sources. Construction then began in 2000 in Hefei, in southern China. The 150-member EAST team imported some material and components, but designed and fabricated the bulk of the equipment on its own.

EAST is only one-tenth the volume of Japan's JT-60 tokamak, and one-hundredth the expected volume of ITER. It won't produce fusion power, and is designed to study advanced tokamak physics. The first plasma, created from heated hydrogen gas, will probably last for only a few seconds. Still, "it will be a very important step forward," says Toshihide Tsunematsu, director-general of the Naka Fusion Institute of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, who visited EAST a few weeks ago. The agency owns the JT-60 tokamak.

Eventually, the EAST team aims to hold a plasma for study for as long as 1,000 seconds. In other tokamaks plasmas last for only a few tens of seconds.

South Korea is currently developing a tokamak similar to EAST, called the Korean Superconducting Tokamak Reactor (KSTAR), whose construction is expected to be completed at the end of 2007. Japan also plans to upgrade its JT-60 machine to make it fully superconducting in a few years.

International physicists praise what China has accomplished so far. In 2003, 25 physicists visited EAST as part of its international advisory committee.

"Everybody came away very impressed," says Dale Meade, a physicist with the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey, and a member of the group. The committee plans to hold another meeting in October, when China hosts a conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

In the meantime, the EAST researchers have plenty to work on, says Tsunematsu. They will have to improve key technologies, such as a device to heat the plasma, and be able to effectively control high-temperature plasma for a long period of time. "China will face a real challenge," he says.

That is a wonderful achievement for China! Is this fusion energy means that we can produce abundance energy with very few resources?? I heard China also pushes for genetic engineering, and would like to hear about that also!

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200703/21/eng20070321_359746.html


On March 19, 2006, the Chinese Academy of Sciences announced the ten most important developments in science and technology in China for 2006. The greatest breakthrough was the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), a superconducting non-circular section nuclear fusion experiment device built at the Hefei Institute of Plasma Physics, also known as an "artificial sun".

However, it is not widely known that scientists are endeavoring to build another tokamak at the Southwestern Institute of Physics (SIP) in Chengdu.


55 million degrees centigrade: the highest temperature on record

Past the Institute's central control room ¨C where there are dozens of computers ¨C in the fusion science experiment room, there is a giant device occupying two-thirds of the central space. The oval-shaped device looks like an upside down funnel, with several triangular "horns" stretching out from around the "funnel". It gives the overall impression of a huge five-pointed star. A red flag hangs on the front of the device. The poster beside it reads "China HL-2A".

One of China's major scientific projects, "China HL-2" is a "key component of future fusion reactors," said Yang Qingwei, director of the Office of Tokamak Experimentation and Diagnosis of SIP. It was in here that scientists generated the highest temperatures in Chinese history.


The day history was made

"Electricity supply, levels, heating, is everything ready?"

"Yes. No problem. We can start now." Recently, Professor Duan Xuru, the principal coordinator of the experiments, gave the order to "start-up" through control officers.

When temperatures reached 55 million degrees Celsius, there were a few seconds of silence and then the more than 100 people in the control room suddenly started shouting and jumping for joy.

"This is more than double the temperature of 22 million degrees Celsius we reached a few months ago!" Duan was shocked and shed tears of happiness. "It is just like I just have my own baby," he observed.

The new record temperature puts China one step closer towards its target temperature of "hundreds of millions degrees centigrade", a temperature that is needed to "ignite" the fusion device.

CAS academic Li Zhengwu, who pioneered China's controlled fusion research, said that this was "dazzling progress". To achieve this result, scientists at SIP conducted over 2,000 experiments and discharged the experimental device more than 6,000 times in 2006.


Over 40 years of unremitting efforts

In 1965, the oldest Chinese fusion research unit ¨C the Heilongjiang Institute of Nuclear Physics ¨C was relocated to Sichuan province. After being renamed several times and relocated twice, the Southwestern Institute of Physics was formally established. President Pan Chuanhong recalls conditions being very poor. All the information scientists had at the time was a photograph of a nuclear fusion reactor device and several simple parameters.

After 20 years of hard work, SIP built 17 smallish controlled nuclear fusion experimental devices, accounting for four-fifths of all such devices available in China. "The smallest was only this big," said Pan, gesturing, indicating that the device was small enough to be placed on a desk. In 1984, China succeeded in developing its biggest controlled experimental device ¨C "HL-1". "From then on, China's name appeared in the world's nuclear fusion research report."

In 1994, SIP successfully improved the "HL-1". The plasma discharge lasted for four seconds and generated an electrical current of 320 kilo-amperes. This brought China in line with world standards. "At first, we were like blind men feeling an elephant. Then we followed and imitated others. Finally we were able to conduct research independently. Not every step has been easy," Pan Chuanhong said emotionally.

Scientists at SIP know that eventually, the "HL-1" will be retired. As part of the 7th Five-Year Plan (1986-1990), SIP proposed completing the "HL-2" early in the 21st century. The program is scheduled to be completed in two phases. The first is called "HL-2A".

In 2002, China successfully built the HL-2A Tokamak device on the main engine of a Tokamak device gifted to it by Germany.

"We can develop the main engine by ourselves. However, it would cost hundreds of millions of yuan," Pan said. "Furthermore, we have another goal: developing our "trump card" on the basis of the imported key component."


An artificial sun: rising in Chengdu in 2035

In the search for alternative sources of energy, humankind has spent 50 years developing an "artificial sun". Hundreds of experimental devices have been built, in which more 12,000 people have involved. Annual investment in this research exceeds US$2 billion.

China, the European Union, South Korea, Russia, Japan, India and the United State, are members of the ITER plan (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). According to the plan, a demo test reactor will be built around 2035.

Here Pan describes his "Chengdu dream". "The ITER is indeed located in Europe. However, it is quite possible for China to build a demonstration reactor in Chengdu by 2035. We have the ability. Chengdu also has the resolution. The rising of an artificial sun in Chengdu is not a joke!"


News Dictionary: "artificial sun" and Tokamak

Principle: exporting the energy generated during the process by artificially slowing the hydrogen bomb explosion, and converting the energy into electricity.

Keeping the fusion reaction stable and sustainable is an ongoing issue. A tokamak is needed. In Russian, "tokamak" refers to keeping a magnetic controlled fusion process stable. China's "HL-2A" adopts this same idea.

Experts say that although people usually call the nuclear fusion experimental device an "artificial sun", this is actually a misconception. A real "artificial sun" involves simulating the solar energy model by using a nuclear fusion reactor.

By People's Daily Online

http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2007-03/25/content_5894230.htm

新华网北京３月２５日电（记者崔军强）中国闪联标准工作组组长孙育宁日前透露，国内厂商正在加紧研制支持电线传输数据的信息家电，光纤、无线网络在家庭数据传输领域的垄断地位将面临巨大挑战。

孙育宁在闪联与全球消费电子电力线通信联盟合作签字仪式上说，支持电线传输数据的信息家电将会使消费者享受“意想不到的便利”。

根据闪联与全球消费电子电力线通信联盟达成的协议，双方将在北京建设第一个电力线通信认证测试中心。这意味着，消费者可以选择电线作为数据传输介质，搭建家庭内部信息网络系统。

利用普通电线传输数据是一种新技术，它最大的优点在于，只要有电源插座的地方，电视机、计算机等终端设备之间即可实现数据传输与共享，甚至可以接入互联网。

闪联与全球消费电子电力线通信联盟此番合作主要针对家庭内部信息网络的联通，如果终端设备支持，消费者无需在每个房间内布置复杂的网线、电视信号线等。

全球消费电子电力线通信联盟主席迈克尔·斯蒂尔兹表示，电线无处不在，带宽可以达到９０Ｍ以上，短距离传输很少出现数据衰减，特别适用于家庭内部网络建设。

闪联是由中国企业发起制定的技术标准，目的在于使计算机、家电、消费电子产品之间实现无障碍的互联互通，被视为下一代信息产业的发展方向。闪联标准工作组希望通过与全球消费电子电力线通信联盟合作，为家庭信息设备提供更多联通方式。（完）


Brief translation: China is investigating the techonology that enables the regular wire to transfer data.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2007-03/22/content_5879791.htm

新华网北京３月２１日专电（记者 崔军强）国际标准化组织国际电工委员会经过投票表决，于上周正式接纳中国“闪联”为委员会草案。按照国际标准化组织的有关程序，这项完全由中国企业制定的技术标准，极有可能在２００８年成为全球第一个３Ｃ协同产业国际标准，实现中国电子信息产业历史性的突破。

３Ｃ是
计算机、通讯和消费电子产品的英文简称，被视为ＩＴ产业的核心，但由于技术标准不统一，这三类产品的互联互通一直存在巨大障碍。由联想、ＴＣＬ、康佳等企业发起制定的“闪联”技术标准克服了驱动、端口、网络配置不兼容等难题，可以在电脑、电视机、投影仪、数码相机、手机等３Ｃ产品之间自动识别、无线联通，目前已分别被信息产业部、建设部采纳为国家推荐性行业标准和国家标准。

按照国际标准化组织的审查程序，一项国际标准诞生大体要经过立项、委员会草案、最终委员会草案、国际标准草案、最终国际标准草案、国际标准颁布等６个环节。去年８月，国际标准化组织向全球签发通知，正式接纳“闪联”为候选技术标准提案。此次“闪联”被接纳为委员会草案，向国际标准又迈出关键一步。专家根据审查时间表乐观地判断，２００８年北京奥运会期间，“闪联”有望问鼎全球首个３Ｃ国际标准。

作为我国第一项由企业自主发起制定的技术标准，“闪联”自问世以来一直在不断扩张，目前已形成拥有８５个成员的超大型产业联盟，涵盖了３Ｃ产业链上下游的龙头企业，仅发明专利就有２００多项。由于“闪联”技术优势明显，并已在全球率先实现了产业化，飞利浦、ＬＧ、意法半导体等著名公司已加入“闪联”联盟，美、英、德、澳等１１个国家也明确表达了参与“闪联”标准的意愿。此外，“闪联”还与日韩两国联合成立了亚洲第一个跨地区家庭网络标准组织。

数据显示，到去年底，“闪联”联盟成员企业占国内电视机市场份额的８４％，手机占４６％，电脑占４１％。这些企业已推出２０多款采用“闪联”标准的笔记本电脑、电视机等新产品，去年的销量超过２００万台，在全球率先实现了３Ｃ协同产业化。

国际技术标准是产业链的制高点，但由中国制定的寥寥无几。在国际标准化组织电子信息类标准提案中，最近被采纳的一项中国提案还是十几年前的汉字字符集。


Anyone can give a brief English translation? It's too hard for me.

In US, the developement work of the technology started more than 10 years ago.

Neither China just started the research yesterday.

But right, I didn't translate enough. According to the report, world's first lab to test such technology will be established in Beijing.

Beijing again,it's insane.:ohno:

http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2007-03-28/03061436096.shtml

新浪科技讯 3月28日消息，据内部人士证实，欧洲最大的半导体公司意法半导体已与中科院计算所敲定关于龙芯处理器的技术合作，双方将在下午举办相关合作签约仪式，届时多款龙芯产品将集体亮相。

　　2006年12月25日，可靠信息透露意法半导体将出资3000万元，购买龙芯2E处理器5年的生产和销售权。意法半导体每销售一枚芯片，将向北京神州龙芯公司(以下简称“神州龙芯”)提交2美元“权利金”。

　　神州龙芯是由中科院计算所和江苏综艺公司等共同投资创办的，致力于开发、销售具自主知识产权的龙芯系列CPU IP核和系列微处理器芯片以及相关产品。

　　2006年12月27日，神州龙芯宣布中科院计算所将就龙芯2E的生产和销售环节，与意法半导体展开合作，不过合作详情没有公布。中科院计算所所长李国杰曾向媒体证实，正式合作时间在2007年3月份。双方届时将在北京召开新闻发布会，公布合作详情。

　　据了解，今天下午中科院计算所将与意法半导体一起亮相人民大会堂。除了举行一系列相关合作签约仪式，会议现场还将展示“龙芯2E”CPU芯片及相关产品。

　　在此之前，中科院计算所还曾与意法半导体展开过多次合作。2006年6月，双方签订技术许可协议，该公司计划每年销售龙芯1000万颗以上。2006年10月26日，双方合作开发多核处理器协议，其中便涵盖45纳米技术的合作，龙芯2号则会进一步采用65纳米技术。

　　另据消息人士表示，今天下午现场不仅展出多款最新的龙芯产品，还将首次对产品进行集体招商，其中一些面向中小企业的低价节能产品将颇具竞争力。截稿前，该消息未得到官方证实。(马全智)

　　相关阅读：

　　龙芯2E处理器是一款实现64位MIPSⅢ指令集的通用RISC处理器，采用90nm的CMOS工艺，布线层为七层铜金属，芯片晶体管数目为4700万，芯片面积6.8mm×5.2mm，最高工作频率为1GHz，典型工作频率为800MHz，实测功耗5-7瓦。为有效提高成品率并降低成本，目前量产的处理器为600～800MHz，实际运行频率定于660MHz。


A brief translation: STMicroelectronics, Europe's largest semiconductor company, is going to pay 2 $ for selling every Godson 2E chip. The Godson 2E processor is about 600 ~ 800 MHz.

Your translation is very vague and kind of misleading. According to CCTV, STMicroelectronics(European largest semiconductor company) is going to manufacture the Gorden 2E Microprocessor(Pentium4 compatible) which was designed and has all the intellectual rights by China. Emphasis: Design & IPR by Chinese in China.

Was it about using existing Household Power line for Data Transmission? I think China should not waste her precious resource on project like that. This was thought up and tried out by companies like Nortel Corp. of Canada many years ago so it can be interfaced to their legacy equipments (2/4 wires ”Always On”). They wanted to take advantage of the layout at the time of most of the existing residential buildings in North America and other developed countries for extra phone outlets without additional wiring. Remember they did it because at the time they still relied predominantly on Circuit-Switching than the present day Packet-Switching Technology.

A Wiki-introduction about Godson or Loongson (龙芯)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loongson

The Loongson series[1] (also known as the Godson or Dragon chip) is an architecture of general CPUs developed at CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) in the People's Republic of China as an alternative to US-made Intel and AMD chips. The chief architect is Professor Weiwu Hu of ICT (Institute of Computing Technology).

BLX IC Design Corporation, Ltd (BLX) was founded at 2002 by Institute of Computing Technology, China Academy of Sciences and Jiangsu Zhongyi Group. Based in Beijing, BLX focuses on designing advanced 32bit/64bit Godson general and embedded processor, developing software tools and reference platforms.

There are other developers like Longmeng and Sinomanic.

The primary purpose of the chip is to run localized Chinese versions of Linux, with emphasis on Chinese character support.

Name

First named the “Godson” (狗剩), a borrowing from the Chinese for “dog’s legacy”. Later “Loongson” was proposed as the official name which means the Chinese dragon’s Chip.

History

Type I (introduced in 2002) runs at 266 MHz, Type II is 64 bit and runs at 500 MHz. The Godson III is being targeted at 1 GHz, with multiple (8 to 16) cores. The instruction set is MIPS compatible, but the creators have backed away from promoting the chip as such due to threats of a lawsuit (see a Lexra history).

In March 2006 a €100 Godson II computer design called Longmeng (Dragon Dream) was announced.

In June 2006 at Computex'2006, Taipei YellowSheepRiver company has announced a Municator YSR-639, a mini-computer based on the 400MHz Godson 2.

In September 2006, Li Guojie, director of the Institute of Computer Technology under the CAS announced a Longxin IIE (Godson IIE) a 64-bit chip containing 47 million transistors and reaching 1GHz.

In the second half of the third quarter of 2006, China revealed the latest addition to the Godson series, the Godson 2E, which was already in early stage of manufacturing, and mass production was scheduled at the end of the year. According to developers' paper published on the Journal of Computer Science and Technology, tests show that the Chinese chip can rival Intel Pentium 4 processor in performance and it was superior to the early series of the Pentium IV CPUs, but the Chinese CPU could be produced at a much lower cost.

Unlike processors from Intel, Advanced Micro Devices or Via Technologies, the Godson-2E is not based on the x86 instruction set. Instead, the chip uses a modified version of the MIPS instruction set that replaces proprietary instructions with ones developed by ICT. This means the Godson 2E cannot be used in PCs running Microsoft's Windows XP operating system, and thus the computing devices based on the Godson 2E would be most likely running the Linux operating system.

The processor runs at clock speed of 1 GHz and like other chips in the Godson family, the Godson 2E was designed by the Chinese Academy of Science's Institute of Computing Technology (ICT) and was the first Chinese CPU produced using 90-nanometer process technology. Earlier versions of the Godson 2 chip were produced using a 180-nanometer process and ran at clock speeds up to 500MHz. Godson 2E CPU contains 47 million transistors, more than the 40 million of the Pentium IV. But this processing power will not be a drain on laptop batteries, as power consumption is between 3 to 8 watts, according to CAS Fellow Li Guojie (李国杰), director of the institute. Li Guojie also announced that at the end of 2006, scientists would start to upgrade Godson 2E to Godson 2F, which will improve performance by about 30% and power consumption reduced by about 50%. By 2008, Godson-3 is scheduled to enter production.

On November 13, 2006, at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Computing Technology (ICT), Li Guojie announced to the public that "Godson 2E is ready for mass production. Li Guojie told the public that from Godson 1 to Godson 2B, the capability of the chip has tripled, and from Godson 2B to Godson 2C, from Godson 2C to Godson 2E, the capability has continuously tripled. On the average, the capability of Godson series chip doubles every year, four times of what Moore's law claims, and China should accumulate small successes into large success." Currently, the Loongson box that comes with a 600Mhz Godson 2E processor is sold in China at CNY1599 (~US$200) without monitor, mouse, and keyboard. System's performance is comparable to Intel's P4 1.4G based system.


In short, the development of Godson processor puts China only behind US and Japan, and ahead of the rest of the world in Computer chip technology.

:cheers:
http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/Godson2.jpg

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-03/30/content_840641.htm


Xinhua)
Updated: 2007-03-30 15:42

XI'AN -- China's first coal liquefaction project, which will go into operation in 2008, will be able to produce more than one million tons of oil a year, significantly reducing the country's dependence on oil imports.
Shenhua Group Corporation Limited, one of China's largest coal producers, launched the coal liquefaction project in 2004 in Erdos, a city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

"The project transforms coal into refined oil. When the second phase is completed in 2010, the plant will produce 6 million tons of oil products each year and help reduce China's reliance on crude oil imports," said Wang Pinggang, vice president of Shenhua Group.

According to Wang, Shenhua will invest 24.5 billion yuan (3.2 billion U.S. dollars) to build three production lines in the first phase of the project.

The first line, currently under construction, will enter trial production at the end of the year and be able to convert 3.45 million tons of coal into around one million tons of oil products.

When the other two production lines come onstream in 2009, the plant will be able to produce 3.2 million tons of oil products.

"More than 60 percent of the equipment we are using is domestically-made and we also own the intellectual property rights for the manufacturing technology," said Wang.

The coal liquefaction technique has drawn increasing attention in recent years as international oil prices have shot up.

"The Shenhua project is of great importance to China, the world's fourth largest economy, both in terms of energy safety and economic development," said Li Kejian, head of the coal liquefaction technology research center of the Beijing Research Institute of Coal Chemistry.

Statistics from the National Development and Reform Commission show that oil consumption increased 9.3 percent in China in 2006 to top 346 million tons, with net imports growing 19.6 percent to 163 million tons.

According to the Ministry of Land and Resources, China's coal reserves are around one trillion tons.

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200703/30/eng20070330_362528.html


China will transfer the production and marketing rights of its first general-purpose central processing unit (CPU) - Godson-2E, which is based on a 90-nanometer process design - and its follow-up products, to STMicroelectronics. STMicroelectronics will pay the market entry fee and a portion of the profit to ICT. The chips will be sold under the brand name Godson.

The announcement was made Wednesday by the Institute of Computing Technology (ICT) under the Chinese Academy of Science and STMicroelectronics, which is the biggest semiconductor company in Europe and the fifth largest in the world.

It was reported that, over the next five years, STMicroelectronics will pay 30 billion yuan for the production and marketing rights to Godson-2E. STMicroelectronics is reported to be paying US$2 dollars to ICT upon the sale of each chip, however neither side confirmed this at Wednesday's press conference.

In May 2004, the ICT and Menglan Group from Jiangsu province cooperated to establish a domestic industrial base for producing Godson products. According to Li Guojie, head of the ICT, there were two factors when the decision to develop the Godson brand was made. Firstly, an independently developed CPU chip would ensure information security and guarantee that special users like the government and military could use computers safely. Secondly, Godson will compete in the markets of embedded chips and medium and low level desktop systems. It will facilitate the production of cheap computer systems that consume less energy.

Xu Jialu, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), said that the transfer of production and marketing rights to Godson 2E is a significant development. It marks the beginning of a change in the export of Chinese goods - from basic products to technology. Cheap and energy efficient, the Godson 2E is designed especially for developing countries and their people, helping to plug a growing information technology gap.

However, Li Guojie stressed that at present, Godson cannot compete with Intel and Microsoft on mainstream desktops and laptops, and will focus instead on embedded chip area including set-top boxes, automobile electronics and industrial control. At the same time it will try to find a way in to the low-end computer market.

The ICT began develop Godson CPUs in 2001. In 2002, Godson 1 was completed, the first general-purpose processor developed by China. Over the following three years, Godson 2B, Godson 2C and Godson 2E were developed in succession, each one three times better than previous model. The frequency of Godson 2E is as high as 1G HZ, which is equal to that of a mid-range Pentium IV. The Chinese government financed the project to develop this CPU.

By People's Daily Online

Brief translation: China's IGRS is going to be world's first 3C international standard.

More information about China's IGRS (闪联),
http://www.igrs.org/en/contentmanage/detail.asp?ChannelIndex=gysl&channelid=110100100&subchannelid=&keyword=&id=431&exid=&yr=&mt=&epid=

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-04/02/content_5926657.htm


BEIJING, April 2 (Xinhua) -- China's first quantum cryptography network has been successfully tested in Beijing, the Chinese Academy of Sciences announced on Monday.

The commercial communication network of the Chinese Network Company (CNC) was used to test the quantum network.

The testing was carried out by the Key Lab of Quantum Information under the University of Science and Technology. Leading scientist Guo Guangcan said that current cryptography faces challenges from quantum computers, because theoretically all codes can be deciphered.

But quantum information cannot be copied and any interception of quantum information is easily discovered, Guo said, adding that the new quantum cryptography is therefore "absolutely safe" and proof against decoding.

The research group successfully completed a 125-km fiber point-to-point quantum key distribution (QKD) experiment between Beijing and Tianjin in 2004, which solved the problem of stability in quantum cryptography systems.

http://www.hnxw.cn/xw/show.asp?id=33364

中国国内首套半导体空调在湖南诞生 节电40%以上
2007-04-03 08:50:26

中新湖南网4月3日电 湖南日报消息，中国国内首套具有完全自主知识产权的半导体空调昨天在长沙通过省级技术鉴定。根据国家科技部技术查新结果和鉴定结论证实，其技术性能居国际领先水平。

　　传统空调的制冷／制热，是以机械或化学技术为基础，依靠制冷／制热介质（氟利昂或溴化锂）的液态、气态变化来实现的。而半导体空调，是依靠半导体器件中的电子携带能量迁移，实现空调制冷／制热效能的。专家们认为，这种先进空调的推广应用，有望取代以氟利昂等为制冷／制热介质的传统空调，使空调开发、生产、应用产生历史性变革。

　　该成果是由湖南郴州冷杉环境设备公司研制开发成功的。根据“蒙特利尔国际条约”有关规定，全世界将于2010年前后停止生产氟利昂空调。该公司组织国内电子信息、新材料、制冷／制热技术等方面的专家进行攻关，通过十年努力，先后攻克了半导体制冷／制热新材料开发、提高电子材料性能，将半导体技术引入空调研制领域等多个技术难关。特别是在空调节能、环保和舒适性等技术开发上，实现了一系列独特的技术创新，于2006年研制、生产出首批半导体空调成品样机，并在国内一些有代表性的单位和居民家中安装试用。试用跟踪检测报告表明，它运行稳定，无污染，无噪音，安全可靠，比传统空调节电40％以上。据悉，这种半导体空调首批市场化产品将于今年6月面市，预计明年全面投放国内外市场。（谭克扬 刘辉彭 佳媛）


不知道具体情况如何？

哇
听起来很先进

http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2007-04-13/02051463268.shtml

http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/U1351P2T1D1463268F13DT2007041302100.jpg


新浪科技讯 4月13日消息，据四川国芯科技(以下简称“国芯”)负责业务的胡经理证实，国芯1998元学生笔记本真机日前在深圳正式展出。据悉，这是该产品自2月份正式发布以来的首次真机亮相。

　　今年2月5日，国芯在成都首次向媒体正式公布了包括1998元笔记本在内的多项新成果。该款笔记本命名为“天华笔记本”，采用的是“400MHz增强型MIPS处理器”，而并非此前外界关注的400MHz龙芯1号处理器(GS32I)。

　　当时国芯方面对此解释说，与龙芯1号处理器配套的很多配件已停产，不更换处理器将没法满足1998元的低价要求。另值得注意的是，新浪科技发现当天现场展示的1998元龙芯笔记本只是模具，没有找到主板与电池。

　　国芯科技相关负责人表示，当天没展出真机因机器开模的时间比较慢，但能保证产品在三月底顺利出来。用户可通过网络先下订单，国芯科技将在发货前一个月通知用户做汇款准备。

　　作为一款面向学生的产品，天华笔记本配备了128M内存，10.2寸彩色宽屏液晶显示器，40G硬盘，并赠送多种学习课件与名校辅导材料，英汉字典、数学公式、学习软件等。

　　来自国芯最新消息显示，国芯携其包括1998元笔记本在内的多款产品，参加了12日至14日在深圳举办的第69届全国电子产品展览会暨2007中国国际电子展会。天华笔记本的真机也在展会中正式亮相，并进行了开机演示。

　　另据介绍，国芯日前还推出一款面向普通用户的通用型笔记本。它采用与天华笔记本同样的模具，配置有所升级，价格为2198元，目前也开始接受用户在线预定。胡经理表示，国芯笔记本上市时间计划在今年第二季度，之前预定的用户届时将可拿到机器。(马城)


Price: 1998 RMB (258 USD),
Specifications: 128M Memory, 400M Hz Godson processor, 40G hard drive

Gee, RMB 2,000? That's not even Godson processor, who's gonna buy that?
With that much of money I'd go for a used PIII laptop any time.

I love China but I have to say! those are some ungly and super expensive laptops!!

NICE !

hope 2 c the english edition at next time

专家:中国核心技术落后国外2代 科技界盲目乐观
发表日期：2007-04-17 12:46:22
中新网北京4月16日电 （记者 孙自法）中国工程院院士、中国科学院计算技术研究所所长李国杰警告说，在很多核心技术上，中国实际上至少比国外落后两代以上，因此，中国科研人员一定要增强忧患意识。

李国杰十六日下午应邀在中科院研究生院主办的“中国科学与人文论坛”上发表演讲时作上述表示。他提醒说，现在整个国家大大小小机关和各个单位基本上都是说成绩长篇累牍、讲问题只有一小段的模式，这不符合中共中央提出来的忧患意识，“如果这个问题不改进，大家都喜欢沾沾自喜”。

还有一个问题就是中国科研领域不断取得新成果，这当然是好事，但国外鼓吹中国威胁论，“你吹五分他吹八分，国外是大忽悠，我们（有些人）是小忽悠，现在搞得我们（有些人）很得意说美国也说中国技术水平有多高”，这样就造成中国科技界出现盲目乐观情绪，缺乏清醒头脑。

李国杰称，根据他的判断，实际上在很多核心技术上中国至少比国外落后两代以上，包括中国的芯片、计算机等，芯片一代是两年，两代就是四年。中国科技界应不断努力缩短这个差距，他希望到二○一○年能把核心技术上的差距缩短到一代以内。

针对关于“汉芯”造假事件的提问，李国杰认为这给中国科技界敲了一个警钟，今后最重要的是完善包括同行评议在内的制度，杜绝“钻空子”现象发生，同时在科学研究及相关管理工作中还要避免急功近利思想。

这位知名科学家还提出，中国几千年历史上从来都是强国，至少两千年，不要小看中国人，说中国没有做强国的命，但是也应该承认我们这两百年来有很多问题。他认为，一个国家年轻人如果缺乏理想、缺乏追求，太看重物质利益，国家振兴力量就会减少，凝聚力就会减弱。中华民族美好的东西需要一段时间来重新焕发，“我对中国年轻人充满希望”。

唉。。应该加强民间企业来开发核心技术~

半导体产业落后台湾30年，日本50年

^^
没那么多. 半导体产业的制程技术上总体上大概落后台湾5-6年. 台湾的半导体产业大概是大陆的5倍. 世界上只有美国和日本有完整的半导体产业体系, 其中包括设备和材料. EDA (Electronic Design Aid) 软件基本上掌握在美国人手里. 台湾和韩国都没有完整的体系, 只是买设备和材料来生产. 中国现在也只是想做台湾和韩国做的事.

和日本的差距也没有50年. 半导体产业总共也只有50年左右的历史. 台湾的半导体产业制程技术和日本现在差不多. 但日本在设备和材料上强很多.

中国虽然近几年在半导体电子工业上有些成就, 但总体的差距是很大的. 在中国的半导体厂, 几乎所有的设备和材料都是进口的. 有时,我看到wigo发的贴, 觉得有点盲目乐观.

呵呵，那是夸张的说法

日本80年代研制的步进光刻机我国现在仍不能够生产

作为溅射源用的铝靶也做不好...

大型离子注入机，扩散炉，外延生长设备等就不多说了

Revolutionary treatment for girl

Shonia will need physiotherapy and speech therapy
The parents of an eight-year-old girl with cerebral palsy are hoping to send their daughter to China for a revolutionary new treatment.
Kishor and Pita Tahiliani from Bournemouth in Dorset are planning for their daughter, Vaishnavi, to have stem cells injected into her spinal cord.

The treatment, which is not available in the UK, has been credited with helping other cerebral palsy sufferers.

The couple will have to raise £18,000 for two months' therapy in Beijing.

Cerebral palsy is caused by bad oxygen supply to the brain at the time of birth.

Chance for normality

The treatment at Tiantan Puhua Neurosurgical Hospital involves injecting stem cells from the umbilical cords of healthy babies into the spinal cord fluid of the cerebral palsy sufferer.

The cells then flow directly into the brain where they develop into new cells and repair some of the damage.

Mr Tahiliani, 34, said: "This is the best treatment for her. There are cerebral palsy children who were totally blind and now they can see, that's in Mexico.

"My wife spoke to an American woman. They were crying on the phone, her child is able to do what a normal child does.

I think it will open so many doors for children

Kishor Tahiliani, father

"He used to get fits before, all the epilepsy fits have gone, he was unable to walk and he is walking now.

"There are so many children who have improved. It's amazing really."

Vaishnavi, who is known as Shonia, cannot speak, sit or walk. Her parents hope the treatment will help her to live a fuller life.

Mr Tahiliani and his wife discovered the ground-breaking therapy through research on the internet.

Mr Tahiliani said: "I think many parents are still not aware of this revolutionary treatment and what it's doing for others.

"China are quite advanced in this field. The UK has fallen behind at the moment. Research is still in its early stages here, it will be 2010 before it comes into action.

"I think it will open so many doors for children."


http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/dorset/6653717.stm

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-05/29/content_6167938.htm


BEIJING, May 29 --China is expected to invest at least four billion yuan (519 million U.S. dollars) to procure home-grown 3G phones around October, a prelude to issuing the long-awaited 3G licenses, industry sources said yesterday.

China Mobile, which has paid six to seven billion yuan to purchase 3G network equipment in 10 cities nationwide, will buy two million TD-SCDMA (time division-synchronous code division multiple access) phones in October, according to Chen Haofei, the secretary general of TD-SCDMA Forum.

About 18 phone makers will share the TD-SCDMA phone pie, including ZTE Corp, Datang Mobile, Samsung, LG, Haier, Lenovo Mobile, TCL and Huawei Technologies.

"The first-tier suppliers, about six or seven vendors, will take 60 percent of the total phone procurement value," Chen told Shanghai Daily during a phone interview yesterday, without naming the companies.

ZTE, Datang, Samsung, LG, Motorola are in the first-tier list, industry insiders said.

China promised to provide next-generation mobile phone, or 3G, services during the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. China Mobile, the country's No. 1 mobile carrier, is constructing TD-SCDMA networks in the cities like Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen.

It is also testing the network among so-called "friendly users" on a small scale, often several thousand users in each city.

China will probably issue a TD-SCDMA license first to support the home-grown industry and then issue licenses based on other technologies, including CDMA 2000 and WCDMA (wideband-CDMA).

Each TD-SCDMA phone for testing costs 2,500 yuan (324 dollars).

In the third quarter, the TD-SCDMA phone for commercial users will cost 2,000 to 3,000 yuan but they are expected to feature stronger functions compared with the test models now, Chen said.

The TD-SCDMA phone cost will sharply come down after mass production, ZTE said yesterday. At present, ZTE's phone production capacity has surpassed 20 million annually.

In the first quarter, China's TD-SCDMA equipment market revenue was seven billion yuan, dominated by ZTE, Datang and TD-Tech, a joint venture between Siemens and Huawei, according to a Beijing-based research firm Analysys International.

(Source: Shanghai Daily)


:applause: China's "standard strategy" starts to pay off.

Congrats China

上世纪40年代，美国科学家提出“运用超声实现人类无创手术”的设想；不曾想到，半个多世纪后，是中国人自主研发了这项技术，给人类带来福音——

　　今年6月23日，历经17年的艰辛探索，由重庆医科大学研发、重庆海扶技术有限公司生产的JC型聚焦超声肿瘤治疗系统（简称“海扶刀”）获得CE认证（即欧盟市场准入许可）。这是迄今为止世界上惟一获得该项认证的超声监控的体外聚焦超声治疗设备，也是我国具有自主知识产权的大型医疗设备首次通过CE认证。来自牛津大学临床试验小组的报告表明，中国海扶超声无创治疗已获成功，实现了超声从诊断到应用于外科治疗的突破。

　　立足原始创新，加强知识产权管理，让核心技术刻上“中国”二字

　　所谓“海扶刀”，就是利用超声波具有的组织穿透性和可聚焦性等物理特征，将体外低能量超声波聚焦在体内癌灶处，通过焦点处高强度超声波产生的高温等效应，使治疗区内组织完全损毁，不损伤治疗区外组织，实现无创切除实体肿瘤。重庆医科大学王智彪教授及其海扶团队建立了超声治疗理论体系，并把它推向临床。

　　1988年，海扶科研团队在探讨超声对胎儿的安全性研究中偶然发现，一定剂量的超声对胎儿有影响。“能否将这一负面效应运用于疾病治疗，比如肿瘤？”创新的思想“火花”在经历了长达8年数万次的实验之后结出硕果：1996年，王智彪教授在世界上首次提出了聚焦超声“生物学焦域”的概念，奠定了超声治疗学的理论基础；进而又创立了超声治疗剂量学理论，解决了超声治疗技术在临床应用中的一系列难题。1997年，“海扶刀”在重庆诞生并用于临床，成功实现了世界首例恶性肿瘤的超声治疗。

　　2001年5月，首届超声治疗国际年会在重庆医科大学举办。国际超声治疗学会主席盖特哈尔女士说：“全球在这个领域所做的工作，加起来还没有中国海扶做的多。”国际超声治疗学会秘书处从此设在了重庆医科大学。

　　为稳稳占据超声治疗技术的制高点，牢牢掌握这一领域的主动权，海扶改变了以往在科研工作中要成果不要专利、要国内专利不要国际专利的做法，聘请了跨国集团的资深专家，加强对海扶超声治疗系列设备的知识产权管理。目前，海扶已经获得国内专利10项，国际发明专利6件，国际专利申请覆盖20多个国家，“海扶刀”已在国内外25家医院临床应用。

　　正由于此，与医疗器械国际标准均由西方率先发布的“行内惯例”不同，全球第一个关于《高强度聚焦超声治疗机有关技术要求》的国家标准，由中国在2003年率先颁布。2005年，中国卫生部以此为基础，颁布了关于《高强度聚焦超声肿瘤治疗系统临床应用指南》。

　　也正由于此，2005年，西门子公司放弃了对该项技术的自主研发，选择与海扶公司合作，海扶则获得了西门子在医疗器械领域全球市场的合作。

　　以政策为依托，以企业为主体，构建产学研联动的技术创新体系

　　创新的思想萌芽，需要和煦的阳光和自由伸展的空间。在“高强度聚焦超声肿瘤治疗系统”的基础研究到成果转化以及产业化的过程中，国家自然科学基金委员会、科技部、国家发改委、重庆市科委等部门对超声治疗项目给予了大力扶持。

　　从1994年起，国家自然科学基金委、国家发改委给予了“海扶刀”近千万元科研资金的支持。1996年，科技部将“海扶刀”列为国家“九五”攻关重点项目，投入了200万元，地方科委给予了1∶1的配套资金支持。这些经费给处于艰难时期的海扶团队以极大鼓舞，助推了“海扶刀”走出试验研究的最后阶段，形成产品。

　　1999年，在重庆市科委“打破传统观念，引入市场机制”的理念引导下，重庆医科大学、重庆医科大学附属第二医院、重庆科技风险投资有限公司及科研人员合作成立了重庆海扶技术有限公司。自此，重庆医科大学、重庆医科大学附属第二医院和重庆海扶技术有限公司三方构建了产学研联动的技术创新体系。

　　重庆医科大学校长雷寒教授说：“海扶的成功，在于它在长期的实践中逐渐形成了一套完整的技术创新体系。它以海扶公司为主体，学校提供智力支持，在医院临床应用中发现问题，由学校进行基础研究，公司开发产品再回到临床应用，如此往复，形成良性循环。”

　　在重庆医科大学，医学超声工程研究所、生物医学工程系和海扶公司是三块牌子一套人马。正是在这种高效集约的产学研联动机制的保障下，海扶逐渐探索出一种医工交融的运行模式。高强度聚焦超声，是一个多学科紧密结合产生的新领域，难以用单一的工程研究方法去解决，需要临床医生与工程师的深入沟通和共同攻关。从1988年到现在的17年，这种医工交融的模式已经渗透到科研、成果转化、产业化的全过程。每一项实验的成功，每一次产品的升级，每一种治疗方案的形成，都来自于临床医生与工程师的精诚合作。海扶团队已经形成了一个共识：只有将医工融合起来，寻找交叉点，才能真正走出一条具有市场价值的原始创新之路。

　　自主创新的漫长周期，对科研团队人才资源的持续补充提出了更高要求。重庆医科大学又一次体现它的超前意识。2002年，学校成立了专攻医疗器械专业的生物医学工程系，建成了“本科—硕士—博士—博士后”完整的人才培养体系，并以此聚集了超声治疗及生物医学工程领域的高科技人才和学术带头人，形成了知识结构和年龄结构的人才梯队，为海扶的创新不断提供智力支持。

　　熔铸智慧与坚韧，打造执着创新的团队精神，坚守对祖国科研事业的忠诚

　　“我们所做的一切工作，其实都是在延伸医生的手，为患者提供更多或是更好的选择。因此，每位海扶人所面对的，不只是一份工作，而是共同的事业。”王智彪是这么说的，也是这么做的。国外科研机构的高薪聘请，王智彪总是一笑了之；学校分给他的一套住房，他也让给了刚刚引进的高级人才……正是王智彪对海扶事业的执着、对祖国科研事业的忠诚，使许多学有专长的专家学者陆续聚集在他的身旁。

　　海扶公司伍烽教授4年前远赴牛津大学，与英国同行按欧洲标准共同完成了30起“海扶刀”临床实验。其间，哈佛大学邀请他去做专题演讲，并热情劝其留任，可伍烽的回答是：“我的永久身份是中国海扶。”

　　海扶人最难忘怀的是1999年到2000年的技改。攻关200个项目，编制74个文件。技改的每个环节，编制文件的每个数据都来不得半点马虎，一个细小的错误可能导致全盘失败！技改的两年，是锤炼意志的两年，是锻造忠诚的两年，是对体力、对心理、对智慧全面考验的两年。海扶人坚定地走过来了，当年创业的十几人，至今仍在海扶坚守。

　　2004年，海扶团队被选为教育部“长江学者与创新团队发展计划”创新团队，这是我国医疗器械领域惟一的一个。

　　记者点评

　　王智彪及其海扶团队十七年如一日，坚持走自主创新之路，使我国在大型医疗器械领域的研发和生产，首次走在了世界的前列。海扶的实践表明，走自主创新之路，关键要有一支勇于创新、善于创新的人才队伍。正是出于对科技创新的执着、对祖国科研事业的忠诚，海扶人才蜗居斗室不自弃，面对失败不气馁，开放合作不自闭，坚持创新不止步。

　　走自主创新之路，必须建立以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系。海扶的成功，就在于它建立了一个以海扶公司为主体、院校提供智力支持、医院临床应用反馈市场信息的高效联动机制。

　　走自主创新之路，还需要政策支持和各方面的扶持。正是有了国家自然科学基金委员会、科技部、国家发改委等部门的大力支持，海扶才可能从一棵幼苗成长为今天的参天大树。

　　《人民日报》

Cool . Please provide an english version please, so other members of this skyscrapers forum can read please.

And what is this ultrasound used for?

I believe it is used to treat cancer tumour

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-06/22/content_899856.htm

HOHHOT: Towering above the sweeping grasslands of Erdos, in North China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, two 60-meter-high cylindrical structures stand against the skyline.

The structures - reactors for liquefying coal - are part of a project to mass-produce desperately needed fuel oils from the country's rich coal resources.

More than 10,000 workers from across China are constructing the massive project, the first industrial facility in Ejin Horo Banner.

"The project is in its final stage of construction and will be ready for production late in the year," said Wang Yulong, deputy manager in charge of the coal-liquefying arm of the Liquefied Coal Oil Company of Shenhua Group Corporation Ltd, the country's top coal producer.

The facility will produce mostly diesel oil, plus liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha (a volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture) and hydroxybenzene.

With a budget of 12.3 billion yuan and an annual production capacity of five million tons of oil, the project will be completed in two stages. In the first phase, three production lines will be installed.

"We're installing the first production line and its infrastructure," said Wang. "Upon completion, the line will be able to process annually 3.45 million tons of coal into 1.08 million tons of oils, including 720,000 tons of diesel oil."

Before starting the project, Shenhua successfully tested the technology at a specially built converter in Shanghai, according to Wang.

"The project in Erdos is about 1,000 times the size of the Shanghai model," said Wang, claiming it would be both environmentally friendly and lucrative.

Preliminary estimates showed 3.4 to 3.5 tons of coal could produce a ton of oil, and if the price for a barrel of crude remained at $35, the facility would be profitable, said Wang.

Industry observers say the Erdos project is significant to China's food and energy security.

"The efficiency of conventional coal use is very low, but the profits from coal-oils can be much higher," said an expert surnamed Wu. "Moreover, grains, such as maize, will be spared from being processed into ethanol."

Xinhua

(China Daily 06/22/2007 page5)

传说的煤变油工程啊
如果哪天煤也涨价
这些工程不就废了?

http://www.ppa.org.fj/news_docs/China230506.pdf

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-05/17/content_592759.htm

http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/05/china_power_pla.php

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2007-06/22/content_900323.htm

http://www.altassets.com/casefor/sectors/2007/nz10945.php


China a leading investor in renewable energy
(Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-05-17 09:43

China has become the top investor in renewable energy in the world, experts said Tuesday at the ongoing forum for decentralized sustainable energy solutions in China.
Dr. Eric Martinot, a senior research fellow with the U.S.-based Worldwatch Institute and senior visiting scholar of Tsinghua University, said that excluding large hydropower, China invested 6 billion U.S. dollars in renewable energy in 2005 out of a global total investment of 38 billion dollars.

Soaring oil prices have made renewable energy a focus for world investors, said Martinot.

Government support for renewable energy was 10 billion dollars in 2004 for the United States and Europe, including budget fund and policy support. The United States and Europe provide more than 700 million dollars per year for research and development, said Martinot.

Moreover, large commercial banks are starting to notice renewable energy and several are adding renewable energy investments to their lending portfolios, he said.

The industry of renewable energy is booming. There are now more than 70 renewable energy companies worldwide with a market capitalization greater than 40 million dollars each. Their total market capitalization has been over 30 billion dollars.

Major investments and acquisitions have been made in recent years by leading global companies such as GE, Siemens, Shell, BP, Sanyo and Sharp and the industry could provide over 1.7 billion jobs worldwide, he said.China is a great potential renewable energy market for world investors.

Among the 6 billion dollars investment in 2005, most was poured into small hydropower and solar hot water energy, with 600 million US dollars for wind power.

China plans to raise its electricity installed capacity for renewable energy to 10 percent of its total power capacity by 2010 and 20 percent by 2020.

By 2010, renewable energy excluding large hydropower will account for five percent of China's total primary energy consumption and the percentage is planned to rise to 10 percent by 2020.

The Chinese government has given much policy support to the industry of renewable energy.

The law for renewable energy, the first of its kind is China, came into effect at the beginning of this year.

Speaking at a meeting on energy development on the last month, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao called for effective measures to ensure the implementation of the government's energy saving and renewable development policies and emphasized that renewable energy is an important strategic alternative to coal and oil.

Chinese hospital performs world's first heterotopic liver transplant



A Chinese hospital that performed the country's first face transplant has conducted a liver transplant without removing the original, which the hospital claims to be the first such surgery in the world.

Doctors took a 230-gram part of the liver from a women and transplanted it in the up-left part of her girl's abdomen after the malfunctioning spleen was removed, said Xiong Lize, vice president of Xijing Hospital in the northwestern city of Xi'an.

The surgery was done on Saturday morning and the 13-year-old girl named Zhou Mingrong was in stable conditions on Sunday, Xiong said.

Usually, liver transplant removes all the malfunctioning one and replaces it with healthy liver, according to Dou Kefeng who conducted the surgery.

The heterotopic transplant of liver avoids the dangerous "no-liver period" that occurs during normal transplants and hemorrhage when part of liver is cut off, said Dou.

Zhou Mingrong had suffered from a liver disease caused by the lack of enzyme metabolizing copper element. She could not help shaking arms all the time and was even unable to put food into mouth.

However, Dou said the doctors could not predict how the healthy liver will go along with the malfunctioning one in long term.

A 31-year-old man, who was disfigured after an attack by a bear, received a partial face transplant operation at the hospital on April 14 last year, the second such operation in the world following the face transplant of 38-year-old Isabelle Dinoire in France in 2005.

http://english.people.com.cn/200706/25/eng20070625_387309.html

http://www.china.org.cn/english/health/214991.htm

不过是拿病人做实验

can any one post photos of china's cities of xinjiang and qinghai ? Pls

^^ Why don't you search?

I VE SEARCHED BUT I FOUND ONLY TWO CITIES URUMQI/XINING

China Mobile steps up research projects on 4G technology
(South China Morning Post)
Updated: 2007-07-12 15:14


In a move to improve the nation's research and development (R&D) capability, top mobile phone operator China Mobile will promote more self-developed next-generation mobile network technologies that match international standards, an official at its research institute disclosed.

The Research Institute of China Mobile has started several projects for the next generation of mobile network technology.

Wireless internet protocol on internet service environment (WIISE), a technology designed to let mobile networks better manage their bandwidth capacity, is among the institute's key research projects. It is funded by the State.

"We do want to do more on this WIISE technology in the next two years with our proprietary intellectual property rights. We do also want to push this self-developed technology internationally," said Wang Xiaoyun, a deputy manager of the institute yesterday.

Ms Wang explained that the WIISE technology is not designed for present mobile technology but will be applicable to so-called 4G technology or technology even more advanced. "We do want to increase the network management power, which could lead to better use of our network resources," she said.

China Mobile will host a conference jointly with the government later this year to discuss the issue of advanced technology.

The 4G mobile technology is expected to be in the market by 2010, with Japanese mobile operator NTT DoCoMo having taken the lead in its development. The 4G systems are expected to be able to handle a wide range of data-supported rates of up to about 100 megabits per second for high mobility networks.

China Mobile would like to strengthen its network management system in the next-generation network as demand for bandwidth is increasing.

"The new mobile technology will be more compatible with the use of the internet on the move, whereas the existing 3G technologies still have some weakness with internet applications," Ms Wang said.

Some internet-based applications that occupy a lot of network capacity, such as the peer-to-peer (P2P) network, will be migrated to the mobile network in the future, she said.

As the world's largest mobile operator, China Mobile is bent on developing technology to enhance the mobile internet experience with a cost advantage.

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2007-07/12/content_6000397.htm

China Makes Huge Breakthrough in Wind Power Technology
Zijun Li – July 4, 2006 – 5:53am

China Watch Home
About China Watch
Chinese developers unveiled the world’s first full-permanent magnetic levitation (Maglev) wind power generator at the Wind Power Asia Exhibition 2006 held June 28 in Beijing, according to Xinhua News. Regarded as a key breakthrough in the evolution of global wind power technology—and a notable advance in independent intellectual property rights in China—the generator was jointly developed by Guangzhou Energy Research Institute under China’s Academy of Sciences and by Guangzhou Zhongke Hengyuan Energy Science & Technology Co., Ltd.

The Maglev generator is expected to boost wind energy generating capacity by as much as 20 percent over traditional wind turbines. This would effectively cut the operational expenses of wind farms by up to half, keeping the overall cost of wind power under 0.4 yuan ($US 5 cents), according to Guokun Li, the chief scientific developer of the new technology. Further, the Maglev is able to utilize winds with starting speeds as low as 1.5 meters per second (m/s), and cut-in speeds of 3 m/s, the chief of Zhongke Energy was quoted as saying at the exhibition. When compared with the operational hours of existing wind turbines, the new technology will add an additional 1,000 hours of operation annually to wind power plants in areas with an average wind speed of 3 m/s.

Xinhua News reports that more than 70 million households in China lack access to electricity, with most of them living in areas unconnected to power grids. The widely scattered nature of rural localities makes it difficult to supply grid-based power to these areas. The use of the full-permanent Maglav generator could potentially fill the power void in these locations by harnessing low-speed wind resources that were previously untappable.

With an increasing number of Chinese and international investors joining the global booming wind power market, the technology is expected to create new opportunities in low-wind-speed areas worldwide such as mountain regions, islands, observatories, and television transfer stations. In addition, the Maglev generator will be able to provide roadside lighting along highways by utilizing the airflow generated from vehicles passing by, said Xinhua News.

The global wind power market has seen tremendous growth in recent years, with Germany, Spain, and the United States ranking as the top producers in 2005. The output of wind turbines is increasing rapidly thanks to the world’s ramped-up wind power capacity. Global sales of wind power equipment reached $10 billion in 2004 and are estimated to reach $49 billion per year by 2012, reports Worldwatch researcher Janet Sawin

http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4217
http://www.greengeek.ca/2006/07/08/magnetic-levitation-wind-turbines/
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/07/china_unveils_w.php
http://www.speciesatrisk2004.ca/china-wind-power.php
http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004708.html

cool!
Because the main problem with wind turbines is that they do not produce power when there is no or little wind, this is a real breakthrough.

Am I wrong or this is the first time in modern history that China really does a big technological improvement over the rest of the world?
(the three gorges dam is huge and best in its class but does not present any new technology, the maglev uses german technology, the chinese rocket Long March is not totally a new concept, and most electronics made in China are not much better thant ther foreign counterpart...)
Hope for more to come!

cool!
Because the main problem with wind turbines is that they do not produce power when there is no or little wind, this is a real breakthrough.

Am I wrong or this is the first time in modern history that China really does a big technological improvement over the rest of the world?
(the three gorges dam is huge and best in its class but does not present any new technology, the maglev uses german technology, the chinese rocket Long March is not totally a new concept, and most electronics made in China are not much better thant ther foreign counterpart...)
Hope for more to come!


China to build world's first "artificial sun" experimental device



A full superconducting experimental Tokamak fusion device, which aims to generate infinite, clean nuclear-fusion-based energy, will be built in March or April in Hefei, capital city of east China's Anhui Province.

Experiments with the advanced new device will start in July or August. If the experiments prove successful, China will become the first country in the world to build a full superconducting experimental Tokamak fusion device, nicknamed "artificial sun", experts here said.

The project, dubbed EAST (experimental advanced superconducting Tokamak), is being undertaken by the Hefei-based Institute of Plasma Physics under the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It will require a total investment of nearly 300 million yuan (37 million U.S. dollars), only one fifteenth to one twentieth the cost of similar devices being developed in the other parts of the world.

The new device will be an upgrade of China's first superconducting Tokamak device, dubbed HT-7, which was also built by the plasma physics institute, in partnership with Russia, in the early 1990s. HT-7 made China the fourth country in the world, after Russia, France and Japan, to have such a device.

"The EAST project research results will be significant for the International Thermonuclear Experiment Reactor, or ITER, in terms of basic research both in engineering technology and physics," said Wan Yuanxi, who is in charge of the project.

Wan said ITER will also be a full superconducting experimental Tokamak fusion device with an advanced configuration, but much larger than EAST.

The program, still in its initial stages, involves Russia, Japan, the United States, the European Union, China and the Republic of Korea.

Controlled nuclear fusion is seen as an efficient way for people to generate infinite, clean energy to offset the dearth of fossil fuels such as oil and coal.

Scientists believe that deuterium can be extracted from the sea and an enormous amount of energy can be obtained from a deuterium-tritium fusion reaction under huge temperatures of 100 million degrees Celsius. After nuclear fusion, the deuterium extracted from one liter of sea water will produce energy equivalent to 300 liters of gasoline.

If a device is developed that can withstand temperatures as high as 100 million Celsius degrees and control a deuterium-tritium reaction, it will be as though an "artificial sun" had been created able to supply infinite, clean energy for human beings.


Source: Xinhua

http://english.people.com.cn/200601/21/eng20060121_237208.html
http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/noticia-e.asp?ID=409853
http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20060724-065917-5783r
http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1008760
http://www.physorg.com/news73027374.html
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-01/23/content_4088792.htm
http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/08/stories/2007060802651100.htm



International experts praise China's new thermonuclear fusion reactor
(Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-10-24 20:45

World leading nuclear scientists spoke highly of China's experimental thermonuclear fusion reactor, which has been undergoing tests since September 28.

Twenty-nine scientists from Europe, the United States, Russia, Japan, Republic of Korea and India have been invited to visit the Institute of Plasma Physics under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Hefei, capital city of east China's Anhui Province, where the reactor is located.

The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) fusion reactor is the only reactor of its kind in operation in the world, and the device has met design standards, said a report delivered after the scientists visited the reactor.

Unlike traditional nuclear fission reactors, which split atoms to create energy and produce dangerous radioactive waste, the EAST uses nuclear fusion to compress atoms at extremely high temperatures to generate energy that produces very little pollution.

To date fusion reactors require more energy to start up than they can produce and a viable one has yet to be made.

The report said it was a great achievement in fusion technology since EAST was designed, built and put into operation in a very short time.

The Institute of Plasma Physics spent eight years and 200 million yuan (25 million U.S. dollars) on building its experimental reactor.

The EAST is part of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) program, which is initiated by the United States, France and Russia in the 1980s, with a purpose of establishing the world's largest experimental thermonuclear fusion reactor.

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/24/content_715950.htm



Deeper insight of the subject

http://fire.pppl.gov/sofe_05_weng.pdf
http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007060802651100.htm&date=2007/06/08/&prd=th&
http://china.adoptionblogs.com/index.php/weblogs/china-s-artificial-sun-fusion-reactor-wo#comments

^ thats old news, its already built.

World's first cloned rabbitArticle from: Font size: Decrease Increase Email article: Email Print article: Print Submit comment: Submit comment July 24, 2007 12:00am

CHINA has produced the world's first cloned rabbit using a biological process that takes cells from a foetus, state media said today.

The female rabbit, which weighed 60 grams at birth in February, was now growing normally at an animal centre in Shanghai, the China Daily said.

Scientists have cloned mice, cattle and other animals since the first cloned sheep, Dolly, was born in 1996.

Malaysia is even trying to clone some of its threatened leatherback turtles to save them from extinction.

But it was only in 2002 that French scientists produced the world's first cloned rabbit using cells from an adult female rabbit, the paper said.

The Chinese rabbit was the world's first to be cloned using "fibroblast" cells from a foetal rabbit, the China Daily said.

"Chinese cloning research has reached a global advanced level," the newspaper quoted Wang Hongguang, director of the China Centre for Biotechnology Development, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, as saying.

"We can reproduce almost all the cloning results in top-class laboratories around the world. However, we are lacking in original creations such as the newly cloned rabbit."

It was not clear if the findings had been published in a scientific journal or independently verified


http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,22126545-5001021,00.html

http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSHKG23359420070724

http://news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=1152972007

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/6216699.html

World's first cloned rabbit

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

World's first cloned rabbitArticle from: Font size: Decrease Increase Email article: Email Print article: Print Submit comment: Submit comment July 24, 2007 12:00am

CHINA has produced the world's first cloned rabbit using a biological process that takes cells from a foetus, state media said today.

The female rabbit, which weighed 60 grams at birth in February, was now growing normally at an animal centre in Shanghai, the China Daily said.

Scientists have cloned mice, cattle and other animals since the first cloned sheep, Dolly, was born in 1996.

Malaysia is even trying to clone some of its threatened leatherback turtles to save them from extinction.

But it was only in 2002 that French scientists produced the world's first cloned rabbit using cells from an adult female rabbit, the paper said.

The Chinese rabbit was the world's first to be cloned using "fibroblast" cells from a foetal rabbit, the China Daily said.

"Chinese cloning research has reached a global advanced level," the newspaper quoted Wang Hongguang, director of the China Centre for Biotechnology Development, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, as saying.

"We can reproduce almost all the cloning results in top-class laboratories around the world. However, we are lacking in original creations such as the newly cloned rabbit."

It was not clear if the findings had been published in a scientific journal or independently verified


http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegrap...001021,00.html

http://www.reuters.com/article/scien...23359420070724

http://news.scotsman.com/latest.cfm?id=1152972007

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/6216699.html

@O2Tonyl
Anyway, I thought of the train to Tibet with its pressurised carriages which was also a technological world première in this regard so I was wrong.

but I think this one (windmills) is more significant for the economy because it can be expolrted immediately worldwide.
Now I wait for cheap solar energy to be invented. ;)

China-Made CVT Transmission To Be Produced Next Year


SHANGHAI - July 24, 2007: Luoyang Sanming Industry Co. announced their plans last Thursday to initiate production of China's first independently patented CVT transmission. Production will begin by the first quarter of 2008 with a total investment of 220 million yuan. The planned annual output will be 50,000 units.

Luoyang Sanming Industry Co., Ltd is one of the main private corporations in Henan Province. Having spent five years, from 1997 to 2002, to successfully develop the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). The CVT technique owned by Sanming Company is China's only independent intellectual property in the field of advanced automobile technique to be awarded a national invention patent. The use of CVT will make China the third country to have an independent CVT transmission patent behind Germany and Japan.

Experts from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers say CVT transmissions use different gear mechanism which differentiates them from an automatic transmission. CVT operates on an ingenious pulley system that allows an infinite variability between the highest and the lowest gears with no discrete steps or shifts. This eliminates the impact caused by shift changing and transmission torque, thus greatly enhances driving comfort. Moreover, CVT solves the high fuel consumption problem compared with manual gearbox transmission (MT) and automatic transmission (AT).

http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2007/07/24/056053.html

China's drive to promote invention

For China's youngest citizens, it is an eye-popping morning. It is jab day at a clinic in Beijing.

Parents line up in the corridor, each holding onto a worried-looking child. Behind a curtain, there is a nurse wearing a face mask. Beside the nurse is a pile of syringes.

One boy, Lu Junran, starts to shriek. His father holds him and strokes his hair, and the nurse gives the injection.

The vaccines this clinic uses have been developed by the Chinese company Sinovac.

China hopes that companies like Sinovac can help the country take an important step - from "Made in China" to "Invented in China".

China does not want to make other people's products forever. It plans to start inventing products of its own.

After all, that is what China used to do.

China has a strong local talent pool. People are well educated and very passionate about technology and innovation

Yimin Zhang
Intel

China is the country that gave the world gunpowder, paper and the compass.

But in recent centuries, its inventions have dried up. Now it wants to start innovating again.

Sinovac's headquarters is in an industrial park on the outskirts of Beijing. Photos in the lobby show the company's scientists taking President Hu Jintao around the laboratories.

In its labs, Sinovac scientists are trying to pioneer a bird flu vaccine - something that no other country has managed to do.

"We can't just be a factory for the world," says Sinovac's boss, Yin Weidong. "There's a huge market out there. We have to start designing our own products."

Mind-bending problems

Since 1999, Chinese spending on research and development has grown by 20% every year.

Hu Jintao has set a research and development target of 2.5% of gross domestic product by 2020.

The country's spending is now starting to have a global impact.


Young Chinese are increasingly involved in technological innovation

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) says that China has now overtaken Japan's research and development spending.

In seven years time, China may also overtake the world leader, the United States.

So multinational firms are now betting that the long-term future of innovation may lie in China.

Hundreds of companies have opened research centres in Beijing and Shanghai.

Intel has its own compound in a skyscraper in Beijing, where dozens of young researchers doodle on notepads or write incomprehensible programmes onto their computer screens.

Intel's strategy is simple - sign up the best young brains in China and then get them to have a go at some mind-bending problems, such as face processing imaging, machinery application on video retrieval and ultra-mobile devices.

"We believe that China has great potential in innovation," says Yimin Zhang, who runs Intel's Application Research Lab.

"China has a strong local talent pool. People are well educated and very passionate about technology and innovation."

And there are more and more of them. Every year more than 20,000 Chinese students obtain their doctorates. Some choose to work abroad, but many are now being encouraged to stay in China.

This new generation has its orders - to start inventing.

That is quite an ambition for a country built on repetition, copying and obedience

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6912056.stm


From what I know, China is also actively developing other sectors, not just focusing on manufacturing cheap goods with cheap labour. And these are what I have seen.


Automotive (yes still bad, need more time, quite a number of Chinese automakers are working very hard, especially with green technology and new indigenous home grown technology), banking (enforcing new rules, investing and take stakes in foreign banks in order to learn new skills, technology and expertise to develop advanced banking sector), biotechnology (investing a lot in R&D atm), shipbuilding (second largest shipbuilder now after Korea), electronics/ computer (lenovo, third largest computer maker, and making a lot of efforts with its marketing and is present in quite a number of european countries as well as North america doing not bad there considering that China is still a developing country), telecom equipments (Huawei an ZTE, top CDMA providers, huawei supplies a lot of telecom equipments for companies such as BT, Vodafone, Telica... Huawei is also the 3rd largest mobile base station equipment supplier according to wireless research after nokia and ericcson) Haier (white goods maker, present in quite a number of european countries including australia, and sales keep increasing every year and invest in R&D a lot to develop high end products, and also present in america),tourism sector ( currently the fourth in the top tourist destination, poised to overtake the US as the for the 3rd place next year and will be the 1st place in 2015). And now the Chinese government is focusing on domestic demand and consumption to boost growth instead of exports, they now want a less export driven growth and more domestic consumption dependent growth. China also recognises that the rising wages will shift their manufacturing to different countries with low labour costs, and that is why they quickly want to develop other sector and mature them. China also actively investing a lot in R&D and in fact here R&D budget is the second largest in the world now overtook Japan in 2006 and behind the US and it is still growing very fast at the rate of 20% a year, I hope the government can keep up with that R&D growth rate or even make it faster even with the reduction of military spending.

The world's largest field testing environment for 4G network built in Shanghai



The Shanghai Research Center for wireless communications recently announced that the first 4G wireless transmission system on the Chinese mainland has passed a live test, and is now at the phase of field testing and pre-commercial use. In Shanghai the world's largest 4G network field testing environment has been built.

In an on-the-spot test, the new 4G network field covers 2000 meters of the West Yan'an High Road in Shanghai. Cars drive along in a simulated road environment at a speed of 50 kilometers per hour. The data is transferred at a speed of 20 to 90 megabytes per second and the maximum upload speed is 80 megabytes per second

Shanghai Chongming County will use the 4G technology to build a wireless, wide-band network to realize complete coverage and put the technology into pre-commercial use. China has been researching and developing 4G technology for five years. This mobile communication development and research project is called the FuTURE (Future Technology for Universal Radio Environment) Project. More than 10 universities, enterprises and research organizations took part in it. According to the plan, the period of 2001 to 2003 was the key technology phase of the project; 2003 to 2006 was the phase of system demonstration and application; and 2006 to 2010 is the phase of field testing and advanced commercial use

Wei Guo, a member of the FuTRUE project group and a professor at the University of Science and Technology of China, said that "this is the largest B 3G testing system in the world, and it integrates such technologies as IPv6 Core Networking, High Definition Business of IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) and Mobile Communication Switching."

You Xiaohu, the director of the Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications, said that although the Chinese mainland is at the forefront of the world in 4G network coverage technology, it lags behind in short distance transmitting technology compared to developed countries. China's 4G network communication technology is currently in a research and development period, and related products will be available commercially in five years, according to the plan.

By Peaple's Daily Online

http://english.people.com.cn/200701/31/eng20070131_346405.html
http://www.smackall.com/viewarticle.php?title=Shanghai-stages-4G-telephony-rollout--claims-a-world-first&article=1379
http://www.teleclick.ca/2007/01/chinese-government-launches-4g-future-project-in-shanghai/

Modernity is an explosion of science.

Aside from economy and trade, what do you Chinese people will do with textbook science to improve make life more pleasurable?

On the one hand, China's dominance is weakening. On the other hand, a lot of gold winners in other countries are Chinese.

Chemistry
http://www.icho39.chem.msu.ru/downloads/Olympiad_results.pdf

Physics (Gold only)
http://www.ipho2007.ir/Results/Gold.pdf

Mathematics
http://www.imo2007.edu.vn/index.php?module=ViewRank
http://www.imo2007.edu.vn/index.php?module=ViewResultByCountry.php

Biology
http://ibo2007.usask.ca/results.html

That is good. Winning all medals without pissing off other playing countries, so we can win more.

Development of full tumor outside the body a breakthrough in cancer research
From: CHINA VIEW
March 30, 2007 21:21 Beijing TimeFont Size: Print Email to Friends Comment (0)
SHANGHAI, March 30 (Xinhua) -- Using a patented laboratory device, Chinese scientists have for the first time grown cancer tumors outside the body which they say will lead to a new generation of cancer treatments.

Liu Hua, visiting professor with Zhongshan Hospital in Shanghai,says scientists have for years been able to grow cancer cells in a lab but have never been able to reproduce a living cancer tumor.

Liu called the breakthrough a milestone in cancer research that will lead to the development of a new generation of cancer treatments using biological medicines that have virtually no side effects. Someday it may help scientists develop actual cancer vaccines.

Liu has been asked to deliver a paper to the American Association of Cancer Researchers in Los Angles in mid-April.

"I expect the paper will generate a lot of positive and interesting reaction," said Liu.

The doctor of internal medicine says he has shown scientists in Beijing and Shanghai the tumor he has grown.

"They are very excited about it. Some have worked 30 or 40 years and have never seen a tumor outside the body. They agree it's a milestone in cancer research."

Liu says drug companies and researchers often find that the treatments they develop using a simple culture of cancer cells, don't work well on the tumor itself. it has always been awkward to test on patients or lab animals that have been cancer induced. Now they will be able to work with a complete, three dimensional tumor and examine how it reacts, metastasize or grows when treated in different ways.

"Compared with conventional breeding systems we can continuously observe the behavior of a tumor. It is difficult to observe metastasis in a patient," Liu said.

Liu says working with an actual cancer tumor will make it possible to design patient-specific treatment regimens that are far less toxic than conventional treatments such a chemotherapy

Development of full tumor outside the body a breakthrough in cancer research
From: CHINA VIEW
March 30, 2007 21:21 Beijing TimeFont Size: Print Email to Friends Comment (0)
SHANGHAI, March 30 (Xinhua) -- Using a patented laboratory device, Chinese scientists have for the first time grown cancer tumors outside the body which they say will lead to a new generation of cancer treatments.

Liu Hua, visiting professor with Zhongshan Hospital in Shanghai,says scientists have for years been able to grow cancer cells in a lab but have never been able to reproduce a living cancer tumor.

Liu called the breakthrough a milestone in cancer research that will lead to the development of a new generation of cancer treatments using biological medicines that have virtually no side effects. Someday it may help scientists develop actual cancer vaccines.

Liu has been asked to deliver a paper to the American Association of Cancer Researchers in Los Angles in mid-April.

"I expect the paper will generate a lot of positive and interesting reaction," said Liu.

The doctor of internal medicine says he has shown scientists in Beijing and Shanghai the tumor he has grown.

"They are very excited about it. Some have worked 30 or 40 years and have never seen a tumor outside the body. They agree it's a milestone in cancer research."

Liu says drug companies and researchers often find that the treatments they develop using a simple culture of cancer cells, don't work well on the tumor itself. it has always been awkward to test on patients or lab animals that have been cancer induced. Now they will be able to work with a complete, three dimensional tumor and examine how it reacts, metastasize or grows when treated in different ways.

"Compared with conventional breeding systems we can continuously observe the behavior of a tumor. It is difficult to observe metastasis in a patient," Liu said.

Liu says working with an actual cancer tumor will make it possible to design patient-specific treatment regimens that are far less toxic than conventional treatments such a chemotherapy

http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/205514.htm
http://www.jongonews.com/articles/07/0330/10850/MTA4NTAMpPAxkaK.html
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-03/30/content_5917526.htm

March 30, 2007 21:21
Considering that's old news, I haven't seen any publication coming out after searching pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/). Anyone can give me a link to the scientific article?
I don't trust newspapers, they are always more misleading.

The guy said he sent his work to the US in april to be verified, so the we are expecting the publication of the work in the near future, may be 3-4 months , hope so

'Sharp rise' in Chinese patents
By Quentin Sommerville
BBC News, Shanghai



China is now third in the world in terms of patent requests
China has seen a sharp increase in requests for patents, according to the UN's intellectual property agency.

The number of requests for patents in China grew by 33% in 2005 compared with the previous year.

That gives it the world's third highest number behind Japan and the United States, the agency said.

China's leaders have been urging companies to become more creative, and put more of their money into developing new technology.

Backing innovation

China has established itself as the heart of the world economy but it is not the brains.

Most of the products it produces are invented and designed elsewhere.

So the profit that China makes on every laptop or DVD player it produces is very small. Cheap labour and huge volumes are what drive profits in China.




China's push for innovation

But that may be changing. China appears to be becoming more creative.

The country filed over 170,000 patents in 2005, up by a third on the year before, according to the World Intellectual Property Agency.

The survey is a good indication of innovation.

So that is good news for China's leadership, who have been encouraging companies to invest in research and development.

China knows it cannot bet its future economic success on low wages alone. Other countries are already cheaper.

"Made by China" rather than simply "Made in China" will mean that the country's economic miracle stands a far better chance of lasting longer.


http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6939767.stm

Recently, the international authority of the server testing organizations -- Standard Performance Evaluation Center (SPEC) released a test result of the performance of one of China's new dual-core quad CPUs server, 1,538 transactions per second. This broke the record of dual-core platform kept by HP minicomputer for nearly eight months and created a record high.

In layman's terms, dual-core servers use two CPUs in computing. Dual-cores quad CPUs means that each CPU has two computing cores. This can greatly enhance the performance of the server.

Currently, the global server market is at a crucial period, transforming from the dual-core platform to quad CPUs. Comparing with the dual-core server, Inspur quad CPUs platform can double the performance or even more. With both server number and overall power consumption reduced by 50%, the overall costs can be cut down by over 40%. This means that customer who needs two dual-core servers can only buy one quad CPUs server to meet his demands. Both maintenance and management costs are also much lower. The application of quad CPUs server will reduce the country's investment in information technology and cost of relevant application.

It is understood that this is the third time for the Inspur servers to break the world SPEC record, which marks that domestic servers are already among world advanced level and able to compete foreign brands in high-end fields.

By People's Daily Online

http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90881/6236727.html

Nice, but who actually cares for the records of such small systems (4x2 cores)?

Nice, but who actually cares for the records of such small systems (4x2 cores)?
Probably because that means it's a system that is more likely to sit in a person's home rather than a server room somewhere. In other words, it would make more impact on people's daily lives, or at least has the potential to.

02tonyl,
Would you please stop posting these insignificant technological achievements of China?

Xinhua News:
Scientists identify new dinosaur species in east China (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/15/content_6536064.htm)

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/17/content_6553451.htm


BEIJING, Aug. 17 (Xinhua) -- China's space program is to publish the photos to be taken by the lunar orbiter "Chang'e I", which will be launched later this year, said program engineers in an online interview held by the Commission of Science Technology and Industry for National Defense.

According to the current plan, the launch will be on live broadcast across the nation when the Long March 3A carrier rocket takes off, said Jin Zhiqiang, a major program engineer.

Luan Enjie, head of the program, said earlier the launch date was still undecided due to factors such as weather. However, the satellite would be launched before the end of this year, Luan confirmed.

Chang'e I is expected to fulfill four scientific missions, including collecting three-dimensional moon images, exploring lunar soil, analyzing chemical elements on the Moon's surface and investigating the space environment between the earth and the moon, said engineer Li Chunlai.

More than 10,000 scientists and technicians spent three years developing Chang'e I and its supporting systems.

The moon probe project is the third milestone in China's space technology after satellite and manned spacecraft projects.

its good to see a more confident China

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-09/11/content_6701206.htm

JAKARTA, Aug. 31 (Xinhua) -- Two Xinzhou-60 passenger planes will enter service in Indonesia's state-run air carrier Merpati Nusantara Airlines next week to become the first Chinese-made planes in commercial flights for a local company.

Merpati plans to operate the Xinzhou-60s for short-distance routes in eastern Indonesia, leading economic daily Bisnis Indonesia reported Friday.

The turboprop-powered planes, each has 60 passenger seats, will fly between Bali and the neighboring provinces of East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara.

"The planes will arrive next week and we will use them for short-distance routes," Merpati president Hotasi Nababan was quoted as saying.

The company has agreed to buy 15 Xinzhou-60s from the China Aviation Industry Corporation I in Shaanxi.


http://i69.photobucket.com/albums/i55/beethovenmusic/xinsrc_3620904110837546167453.jpg

Airbus, Boeing face a 'Made-in-China' jetliner (http://www.domain-b.com/aero/Sept/2007/20070909_boeing.htm)

Airbus, Boeing face a 'Made-in-China' jetliner
9 September 2007

At the Hong Kong air show, China's leading commercial aircraft maker's stall was flanked by the elaborate displays of the two global giants of the commercial aviation business, Boeing and Airbus. But China Aviation Industry Corporation 1 (AVIC 1) still drew a steady stream of visitors curious to take a look at a mock-up of the ARJ21, a regional jetliner it has designed and is making for the domestic and international markets.

China's hopes of an internationally competitive aerospace industry ride on the wings of the new aircraft's success. The ARJ21 has yet to go on its maiden test flight, due in March next year. The mock-up at the Asian Aerospace show in Hong Kong was only of the cockpit and part of the fuselage.

Though it has just 90 seats, in China its debut is as keenly anticipated as the Airbus A380 or the Boeing Dreamliner. The first Chinese-designed, Chinese-made jet is to seek US certification to grab part of the fast-growing global market for regional jetliners.

"The ARJ21 will be fast, cover long distances and have between 50 and 110 seats. It will fill a gap in the current regional jet market," AVIC 1 commercial aircraft division vice president Chen Jin, told industry representatives in a presentation on Wednesday 5 September.

A recent industry forecast by the Canadian aircraft maker Bombardier estimated that over the next 20 years, an additional 11,200 aircraft would be required in the 20- to 149-seat segment. The Chinese market would account for 15 per cent of global deliveries, or 1,660 aircraft. World demand is projected to be greatest for 100- to 149-seat aircraft, making up 5,900 of the total.

The first ARJ21 will roll off the assembly line in October 2009. It will have 90 seats, and a standard range of 2,225 km or 1,380 miles. An extended range version will be able to fly 3,700 km. It will be the first commercial passenger jet aircraft fully designed in China

The first delivery will be to Shandong Airlines, which has placed an order for 10 planes. Other firm customers are Shanghai Airlines and Shenzhen Financial Leasing. So far, there are orders and expressions of interest for more than 60 aircraft.

http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/Story?id=3618720&page=1

Is the NASA Administrator's speech aimed to scare the US Congress and American public in order to get more funding for NASA or he truely believes so?

If his "belief" becomes reality, it will be the landmark of the end of American technological dominance.

Is the NASA Administrator's speech aimed to scare the US Congress and American public in order to get more funding for NASA or he truely believes so?
I believe it's a little of both.

If his "belief" becomes reality, it will be the landmark of the end of American technological dominance.
Hardly.

It may be a sign of China catching to U.S. in terms of space exploration but U.S. is still many years ahead of China.

^^
End of American technology dominance does not mean that China will surpass America in every field of technologies. But space technology is a key index of a nation's engineering ability. This is because space technology requires high sophistication of engineering of system control, materials, electronics, communication, and mechanical design.

^^
End of American technology dominance does not mean that China will surpass America in every field of technologies. But space technology is a key index of a nation's engineering ability. This is because space technology requires high sophistication of engineering of system control, materials, electronics, communication, and mechanical design.
I agree.

However, China still has a long way to go until it can be a true challenger of American dominance in technology. Right now China is simply a beacon of hope.

Giving China another 20 years, there is some possibility.

Taiwan just got started in integrated circuit manufacturing twenty years ago, but Taiwan's IC manuafacturing ability is almost in the same scale and sophistication level as US now.

Given the size of China, if Taiwan's development miracle can be repeated in China, it is possible that China catches up US in many technology fields. Can you imagine what will happen if 50 Taiwans is introduced to the world?

http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/Story?id=3618720&page=1

Is the NASA Administrator's speech aimed to scare the US Congress and American public in order to get more funding for NASA or he truely believes so?

If his "belief" becomes reality, it will be the landmark of the end of American technological dominance.

Impossible, since we went to moon 40 years ago ;)

^^
I am aware Americans were on the moon in 1969.

But next round of moon exploration will be more than just putting a flag on the moon and leaving a few human foot step prints on the moon surface.


In 1980, about 90% world skyscraper cities were in US, but now China is about even with US in terms of skyscraper cities.

I wish we got another space race. Competition is the best incentive for progress, especially when it is combined with a dose of nationalism.

Giving China another 20 years, there is some possibility.

Taiwan just got started in integrated circuit manufacturing twenty years ago, but Taiwan's IC manuafacturing ability is almost in the same level as US now.

Given the size of China, if Taiwan's development miracle can be repeated in China, it is possible that China catches up US in many technology fields. Can you imagine what will happen if 50 Taiwans is introduced to the world?
I am not doubting China's ability :)

Personally I fully support China's ambition for space exploration. However, I don't wish China to be dominant in space exploration like U.S. is now. I don't believe ANY nation is rational and responsible enough to be a dictator.

Besides, competition is what drives progress.

First posted to China Resurgent Forum on Sept. 20, 2007 at the following link:

http://www.network54.com/Forum/238054/thread/1190357731/last-1190357731/Chinese+scientists+first+to+develop+maglev+wind+turbine.
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Chinese scientists first to develop maglev wind turbine.

Chinese scientists have historically developed most of the cutting edge technologies in the world. Even as late as the Ming Dynasty which lasted from around 1368 A.D. to 1644 A.D. China’s technologies were still leading all the world. At that time China’s ships were 400 feet or longer and dwarfed anything Europe had. Columbus’s ships would have been like sampans next to Admiral Cheng Ho’s ships on which he led expeditions that some claim to have circled the world and provided the maps that allowed Columbus and other Europeans to circumnavigate the world.

I’ve always said that China’s lack of technological advances in the recent centuries is not due to the intellectual inferiority of the Chinese people but due to the lack of great universities that produced all the great scientists in Europe such as Euler, Newton, Bohr, Maxwell, Einstein, etc. I’ve said that as soon as China started to nurture its vast pool of genius level people with the best universities in the world, China will also start to produce the smartest and the most innovative scientists and engineers to develop the cutting edge technologies that will surpass the technologies in the rest of the world.

For some time Chinese scientists and engineers have been doing research with maglev in maglev trains using permanent magnets instead of low temperature electromagnets. While China has not built any maglev trains with its domestically developed maglev technologies, it seems that its maglev technologies have been applied to developing the first maglev wind turbine in the world. This is a significant advancement in the wind turbine technologies that promises to increase output by some 20% while reducing cost by some 50%. Some estimate is that the cost of electricity generated by the new maglev wind turbine will be less than US$0.05 per kilowatt hour or less. According to an estimate by an Arizona maglev wind turbine company, the cost will be as low as just US$0.01 per kilowatt hour. In comparison, the cost of producing 1 kwh from coal is usually given at some US$0.04. It seems to me that if the Americans can produce maglev wind turbine electricity at just US$0.01 per kwh, then the Chinese should be able to do it at even lower cost.

Be that as it may, the point is that the Chinese scientists and engineers are beginning to move to the forefront of world technological advancement. And this is happening because the number of Chinese scientists and engineers has been increasing over the last decade or so. Some 100,000 Chinese have received their doctorate degrees in science and engineering from Chinese universities as of 2005. At that time there were some 125,000 students enrolled in the doctorate program in science and engineering. This means that by the end of 2010 there will be some 225,000 science and engineering doctorates produced by Chinese universities. In comparison Japan has fewer than 225,000 science and engineering doctorates. If these 225,000 science and engineering doctorates can stay in China and work for Chinese companies or Chinese state institutes, then it is obvious that Chinese technologies will surge forward rapidly overtaking the overall technological level of Japan and Germany. Unfortunately, many is not most of the best of China’s science and engineering doctorates have moved and are moving overseas to Japan and America to advance the technologies of those countries or stay in China but work for foreign companies to the great loss of the Chinese companies and Chinese state institutes. And the lack of a large number of highly qualified scientists and engineers at the doctorate level is the biggest reason why China’s overall technologies are still lagging those of Japan not to mention America.

However, the significant breakthrough in maglev wind turbine technologies by Chinese scientists and engineers is another demonstration that given more scientists and engineers at the doctorate level Chinese technologies could easily surge ahead to lead the rest of the world. All it takes is the implementation of enlightened policies to expand the number of world class universities and to encourage the scientists and engineers who received their doctorate degrees to stay in China and work for domestic companies and state institutes.

The wind turbines developed so far in the West are all in the shape of airplane propellers. The wind turbine developed by the Chinese scientists and engineers are in the shape of a vertical cylinder or truncated cone with the bottom wider than the top. The blades are placed vertically along the outer rim of the cylinder. Since the whole assemblage is levitated by permanent magnets there is no friction. The absence of friction allows the wind turbine to transform all the wind energy into electrical energy thus increasing output and reducing cost.

It is reported that the area of land required for one of these maglev wind turbine is some 100 acres. This means that the cylinder is probably some 1,000 feet or more in diameter at the base and standing some 1,500 feet or more in height. Compare this with the Taipei 101 which is the tallest building in the world now (2007) which stands at some 1,670 feet tall. And imagine all of this floating in air levitated by permanent magnets. Of course, the materials used will be the lightest possible. But still given the massive size of the structure it will be very heavy. On the whole it will be marvels of engineering feats. And the Chinese are the first to develop it.

China is expanding very rapidly. It will expand even more rapidly if an enlightened program of urbanizing the farmers is instituted. For example, the government should set up a new ministry to coordinate the urbanization project. Call it the Ministry of Farmer Urbanization which will be in charge of urbanizing the farmers. It will plan and build new cities or expand old cities. It will have a systematic plan to build new schools, hospitals, residential housings, industrial regions, expand energy, water, transportation, communication, food production, etc.

One of the most important factor in the urbanization of the farmers is to supply an adequate amount of energy to the new residences as well as to supply the energy for the production of all the goods and services that the new urban residents will need. And if large scale maglev wind turbines can supply vast amount of electricity at economic cost then the advance of maglev wind turbine is a very timely development. It will certainly play a major role in the development of China. And the Chinese scientists and engineers who have developed this vital technology should have the gratitude of the Chinese people.

But there is a drawback in using wind power. This is the unpredictability of the wind. The wind will blow only intermittently and unpredictably. Therefore, it is necessary to store the electricity produced when the wind is blowing and then release it at a steady rate to maintain a steady supply of electricity to the consumers. This need to store the electricity generated by the wind turbine will obviously increase the cost. But hopefully with the advance it battery technologies this problem can be minimized.

Overall my own preference is still for the new generation of nuclear breeder reactors which can supply electricity steadily especially since the new generation of nuclear reactors can be controlled so as to increase or decrease its output within a relatively short period of time. This will allow the reactors to decrease its output during off-peak hours so as to reduce cost. Also nuclear reactors of the new generation can breed more nuclear fuel thus extending the utilization of the natural uranium as well as to allow the use of thorium as nuclear fuel. Since China has some 60,000 tons of natural uranium and possibly vast quantities of thorium, it can be self-sufficient in terms of nuclear fuel. And the process heat of the new generation of high temperature nuclear reactors can be used for industrial purposes or to desalinate water or to produce hydrogen which will reduce the cost of producing electricity.

But wind turbines will surely be very important. For instance it could be used in conjunction with hydroelectricity. For example, an area may have some water but not enough to generate a large amount of electricity continuously. Wind turbines can be installed to pump the water from the lower level reservoir to the upper level reservoir during the night so that there will be enough water to activate the electric generators during the day time hours. Such combination of wind turbine and hydroelectric generation could supply electricity to many towns and cities.

I don’t know if this is being done or not but one thing that could be done is to replace the rigid vertical blades with flexible sails of extremely light weight maybe made out of silk or some kind of synthetics reinforced by carbon threads to make them very strong. These sails can be controlled by computer so that they can be deployed in any direction to best catch the full force of even the slightest breeze or retracted during storms.

The new maglev wind turbine is estimated to produce some 1 gigawatts or 1 million kilowatts. Each can supply electricity to some 750,000 homes. It is also estimated that the return on investment or ROI is only 12 months which makes it a very good investment. It has been estimated that by 2010 the expenditure for wind turbines worldwide will be in the tens of billions of US dollars. If China can quickly develop an efficient working maglev wind turbine of export quality, then it could capture a significant portion of that worldwide wind turbine market which could be in tens of billions of US dollars. Even though China is said to be exporting hundreds of billions of dollars of goods to the US, yet China derive very little benefit from it because most of the hundreds of billions of dollars are used to pay for imported parts and components. Out of the hundreds of billions of dollars China actually keep only a few tens of billions of dollars. Therefore, if China can earn tens of billions of dollars exporting maglev wind turbines, then it could keep all of these tens of billions of dollars and derive even more benefit than all the US trade because China can earn those tens of billions of dollars without expending a lot of resources and incur little or no pollution in the manufactures of these high tech maglev wind turbines.

In the final analysis, China has demonstrated that it could develop world class technologies. All it needs to surge to the forefront of world high technologies is to first nurture more science and engineering doctorates and keep them working in China for Chinese domestic companies and Chinese state institutes. And China needs to encourage more R&D so that the highly qualified scientists and engineers can have good jobs with high incomes which will then encourage them to stay in China. And the advancement of high technologies will allow China to accelerate its urbanization of the farmers which is vital to the overall economic development of China. And the combination of technological advancement and the urbanization of the farmers will make China rich and powerful and allow it to compel respect from all peoples on earth and allow it to play a pivotal role in bringing peace and prosperity on earth.

For reference for maglev wind turbine, please go to the following links:

http://www.gizmag.com/go/7705/

http://tyler.blogware.com/blog/_archives/2006/7/4/2084751.html

http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/07/colossal_magnet.php


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I already post this , it is somewhere in this forum.

I already post this , it is somewhere in this forum.


That's the problem. It is "somewhere" in this forum but out of sight and out of mind. I think if you care about the subject, you'd be glad that I am bringing it back to people's attention again. Furthermore, I doubt if my perscpective of this subject is the same as yours. Therefore, it is for practicall purposes a new view and perspective of the subject and deserve a new thread for interested people to respond to a new perspective.

pangu you drip of bias and lack content