The territory of southern and southwestern parts of Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the most seismically active zones in the Central Asian region. Several strong earthquakes have occurred during the last 100 years. Four of them: Vernyi – 1887, Chilik – 1889, Kebinsk – 1911, Zaysan – 1990, had magnitudes ranging from 7 to 8.

The seismic regions of Kazakhstan occupy about 300 thousand sq. km, which make up approximately 11 % of the total area of the republic. The population of the area is approximately equal to 4800 thousand, or 30 % of the total population of Kazakhstan.

In the range of 7 MSA zone is 170 000 of country's territory with 2 mln inhabitants, in 8 MSA zone 100 000 and 1.1 mln accordingly and in 9 MSA zone 31 000 and 1.7 mln accordingly.

The favorable climate conditions and availability of energy resources in seismic regions caused the concentration of industrial and agricultural potential of the republic.

About 30 % of the total housing resources and approximately 25 % of the industrial and agricultural sector of Kazakhstan are located in earthquake-prone regions. The largest cultural and most industrial centers of Republic of Kazakhstan such as Almaty, Taraz and Shymkent are situated in the regions with a high level of seismic activity.

Principal concern in this work is devoted to economical and social consequences after possible earthquake in the largest city of Republic of Kazakhstan – Almaty. The development of this city is typical for other cities as well.

Almaty City is located in the zone of possible seismic center (seismicity of some sites – more than 9) and distinguished by its high density of population. There are about 1 200 000 habitants in Almaty city (3.7 thousands per sq. km). The density of buildings aggregates 80 thousands sq. m per sq. km, including residential buildings – 60 thousands sq. m per sq. km. The building development of the city was constructed in quite difficult conditions. The territory of Almaty city contains unfavorable sites for construction, in terms of: a) soil conditions, b) fault zones, which can rupture the ground surface, c) slopes of more than 15 %, and d) saturated soft soil, located in zones of possible occurrence of mudflows.

According to the information given by seismologists, the greatest hazard for Almaty City is presented in three seismic zones:

- Kungeisk (Mmax = 8.3, h = 25 km)
- Zailiysk (Mmax = 8.0, h = 25 km)
- Almaty (Mmax = 7.5, h = 15 km)

The territory of Almaty City is at risk from future earthquakes likely to occur at the above mentioned magnitudes and depths, and the intensity is likely to be more than 10 on the MSK-64 scale.

Kazakh State Research and Experimental Design Institute on Earthquake Engineering and Architecture (KAZNIISSA)

Tunnel form buildings construction. | Туннельная опалубка в строительстве.

http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/41/fog-nsk.1a/0_12e33_d3996334_L
The first project by Turkish developer in Almaty.

This type of rapidly constructed, multi-unit residential form has been used in Turkey since the late 1970s and early 1980s. It has demonstrated superior earthquake resistance and has also been increasingly utilized as permanent housing in post-earthquake reconstruction programs. Initially, the tunnel form building was targeted for multi-unit residential construction for public or privately sponsored housing projects. Typically, a single building may contain 15 or more stories and up to 40 or 50 residential units. This contribution has been motivated by our intention to not only familiarize readers with the architectural or structural features of the building type, but to also underscore its noteworthy seismic performance that stands in stark contrast to Turkey's recent experience.

Buildings of this construction type can be found in virtually everywhere in the country--- in densely populated urban areas with limited land available for development. During the last decade, tunnel form buildings have also been the choice for rebuilding earthquake-affected towns and urban areas because they fulfill the requirements of easy and rapid construction, and because their acknowledged excellent earthquake performance that makes them popular with occupants.

The residential block in Turkey after 7.4 MSK earthquake in Bingol:

http://i67.photobucket.com/albums/h282/dasneravo/arch/Tunnel10.jpg

http://i67.photobucket.com/albums/h282/dasneravo/arch/Tunnel13.jpg

The average estimated unit construction cost for post-earthquake housing including utilities but excluding land is $154/m2. This usually corresponds to $ 15 000 per housing unit. The approximate cost for the utilities is $30/m2. The total cost of a housing unit including land strongly depends on the location and its architectural finish. One of the main advantages of this construction type is the speedy construction process.

Since 1928, the construction in Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out in accordance with the requirements of normative documents, which regulate Rules on construction in seismic regions. The first normative document was, “The Temporary Technical Conditions of the Design and Construction of Civil Structures in Seismic Regions of Kazakhstan».” It is necessary to mention, that these norms, issued in 1928 by the government, were widely used in the Soviet Union at that time. They were based on Italian norms and differed only a little from them.

By 1935, in addition to “The Temporary Technical Conditions of the Design and construction of Civil Structures in Seismic Regions of Kazakhstan,” amendments were prepared. They were devoted to extend the limitation of construction of the buildings with brick load-bearing walls. Those rules were rather severe. For instance, the height of the masonry buildings was limited to three stories, and the width of the external walls in the ground floor could not be thinner than 77 cm (3 bricks), first floor – 64 cm (2.5 bricks), second and third – 51 cm (2 bricks). The slab of the ground floor in such buildings should have been implemented from cast-in-situ reinforced concrete, and on the other floors – wooden beams, which made up rigid frame. Some of the buildings, which were designed according to those Rules still exist.

From 1951 to 1957 the design of structures were implemented in accordance with “The Regulations on Construction in Seismic Regions” (PSP 101-51).

Up to 1957 the estimation of seismic loads for designed buildings was based on static theory of seismic design. In 1957 “The Regulations on Construction in Seismic Regions” (SN 8-57) were worked out in the USSR. They were based on dynamic theory of seismic design. During the ensuing years SNIP II-A.12-62, SNIP II-A.12-69, SNIP II-7-81 were applied in earthquake engineering.

At present, the new Regulations, SNIP RK V.1.2-4-98, “Construction in Seismic Regions” are used in the territory of Republic of Kazakhstan. They were developed by KazNIISSA and have been enforced since 1998.

The analysis of normative documents, which were valid and still remain in force, indicates that the qualifying standards, required to the buildings, constructed in seismic regions, always raises. This tendency is also observed in all other countries. At the same time, the most drastic modifications in Seismic Codes are introduced after destructive earthquakes, when the modern structures in metropolis are exposed to the seismic forces.

As new results of investigations and the facts regarding the buildings’ behavior of various structural types at real seismic loads become available, the opinions of engineers on effectiveness of the Regulations are revised. The most obvious evidence is the fact, that during last 70 years the Regulations on Design of the buildings in seismic regions of former Soviet Union were revised 8 times.

In connection with the observed toughening of the seismic code requirements, researchers and designers are faced with the challenge, concerned with seismic assessment and estimation of seismic safety of existing buildings.

It is necessary to notice that in the Regulations acting currently on the territory of Republic of Kazakhstan, the following types of buildings designed before 1998 are considered to be earthquake-resistant:

Buildings that satisfy to the requirements of the current Seismic Code;

Buildings with the strength of elements, corresponding to the design seismic loads, which are defined in accordance with SNIP RK V.1.2-4-98, taking into account reduction factor 0.5-0.75.

Approximately 80 % of the multi-story residential construction of Almaty consists of brick, frame and large-panels buildings constructed in accordance with standard designs.

Kazakh State Research and Experimental Design Institute on Earthquake Engineering and Architecture (KAZNIISSA)

The residential buildings with load-bearing brick walls of two or more stories were constructed in Almaty for a long time, however the intensive construction took place from 1930 to 1960.

http://www.infokz.com/photo/sat_roz_hrusch1.jpg

Masonry buildings were designed according to the standards that were valid during the various periods of construction. Considering this circumstance, all masonry buildings can be divided into two main groups.

The buildings with load-bearing brick walls with a height of 2-3 m and with wooden beam ceilings belong to the first group. Most of the buildings of this group were designed in accordance with static theory of seismic resistance and were constructed between 1930 and 1957.

For the first group of buildings, the following attributes are very common:

- Low strength of the brickwork.

- Insufficient stiffness of floor slabs.

- Considerable depreciation of the elements.

The buildings of this type are not earthquake resistant and many are scheduled to be demolished.

The second group of buildings is represented by residential buildings with heights up to 4 stories with floor slabs made from cast-in-situ or prefabricated reinforced concrete.

Most of the masonry buildings with RC floor slabs were designed using dynamic theory of earthquake engineering. The resistance of brickwork against seismic loads in the buildings of this group typically is higher than in the buildings of the first group, and the constructive measures are more close to the measures that are provided in current Regulations.

The buildings of the second group are inspected to assess their seismic resistance. As needed, these buildings are strengthened, using methodologies for strengthening developed in KazNIISSA.

It is important to note that at the present time the construction of residential buildings with load-bearing brick walls with height of two or more stories has been suspended in Almaty City. The main reason is the extremely low seismic resistance of buildings of this structural type. The vulnerability of these building types was proven by the analysis of consequences of strong earthquake ground shaking that occurred in past earthquakes centered in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as in other countries of Central Asia.

Mass construction of large-panel buildings in Almaty City was started in 1959 and continued until 1992.

http://www.infokz.com/photo/greatwall_restaurant.jpg

http://www.infokz.com/photo/almagul_turn.jpg

The peak of construction of large-panel buildings occurred in 1985-1988. In that period the amount of annually constructed large-panel buildings was about 400 thou*sand sq. m, which was roughly 70 % of total volume of the residential construction in Almaty. Currently the total area of large-panel buildings constructed in Almaty and adjacent territory is about 9.7 million sq. m. There are about 600 thousand inhabitants living in the large-panel buildings.

In terms of structural layouts the large-panel buildings represent the systems combined from longitudinal and transverse load bearing walls with connections by butt-joints and floor slab panels.

From the beginning only four-story buildings were constructed in the city, and connections between panels were performed on welding of embedded fitting. Later, the height of large-panel buildings was extended up to 9 stories and joints between panels were performed on welding of reinforcement with follow-up filling by concrete.

The first major experiment on the seismic resistance of large-panel buildings in Almaty City was carried out in 1967 while a mud-flow prevention dam was under construction in Medeo Canyon. The construction of the dam was carried out by setting off explosions, which caused ground shaking with intensity of 7-8 (MSK-64) on the area within 2 km of the source of the explosions. The experiment was conducted on site located 800 m away from the place of explosions. During the explosions (total weight of the explosive was about 3900 ton) peak ground accelerations of 0.4-0.6 g were recorded at the foundation level of the building under test and acceleration at the roof level of masonry and large-panel buildings was recorded at 0.9 g and 0.6 g respectfully. The building observation indicated, that after the exposure of seismic blasting loads the brick building was severely damaged (through-wall cracks in the corners), and large-panel buildings were slightly damaged (hair-line crack in the walls and in the joints between panels).

The results of blasting experiments in Medeo Canyon have clearly demonstrated the high resistance of the large-panel buildings to the intensive dynamic loads and provided a basis for comparing the seismic resistance of large-panel and masonry buildings.

At present, it is possible to consider the large-panel buildings as experimentally investigated structural systems. For the last 30 years only in KazNIISSA were conducted dynamic experiments of about 25 real large-panel buildings. Many of the experimental models sustained dynamic loads 2-3 times exceeded design seismic loads, some of them were put to the ultimate conditions.

The analysis of the state of large-panel buildings, subjected to the intensive dynamic loads, proves that such buildings possess remarkable margins of strength with respect to the design loads and ability to dissipate energy. At the same time, the quality of prefabricated elements of large-panel buildings and high level of static indetermination of the structure play important role in damage prevention.

Seismic reliability of large-panel buildings was repeatedly proved by consequences after strong earthquakes. There are many data, proved that large-panel buildings rather good withstand seismic forces even in case when the intensity of real seismic loads exceeds the design intensity on 2-3. The most illustrative example of this statement is the fact that in Spitak city two five-storied buildings designed on the sites with expected seismicity of 7 were subjected to the seismic loads with the intensity of 10. These buildings were slightly damaged in comparison with the damage of surroundings structures.

At the same time, by the conducted investigations was determined that in large-panel buildings which were constructed 30-40 years ago and with butt-joints performed by welding of embedded fittings between panels, the significant corrosion of the connected details can be observed. Residual thickness of some steel elements is about 60 % of the initial thickness.

Significant corrosion of some joints between panels poses hazard for large-panel buildings. In order to provide safety in such buildings the detailed investigations are going to be conducted and some programs for strengthening of the joints will be designed.

Это довольно типичное решение или проблема, есть альтернатива и даже две, два патента, но многое надо менять в традиционных подходах проектирования, а это для монополий самое недостижимое, поэтому спасение утопающих дело рук самих утопающих, в частном секторе например.

Дело в том, что в Казахстан очень тяжело привезти новые технологии строительства. Нужно получать разрешения почти во всех инстанциях + на все новые материалы нужны сертификаты. При этом казахстанский ГОСТ не признает ANSI и DIN в строительстве.

Мне вообщем симпатична идея туннельной опалубки для жилья эконом-класса. Металлический каркас что-то не внушает доверия, а монолит дорогой.

Туннельная опалубка и есть монолит. :lol:

http://www.concret-vologda.ru/files/tunnel.jpg

Я имел ввиду монолит с кирпичным (пеноблочным) заполнением. Эта технология намного сложнее и затратнее, тогда как туннельная опалубка недорога и менее затратнее.

Единственное, что плохо так это однообразность форм. Хотя сойдет для эконом жилья.

Евер, действительно смени кодировку.

Not all new buildings of Almaty passed seismic tests

[15:52] 29.09.2008, Kazakhstan Today

Almaty. September 29. "Kazakhstan Today" Tough norms of seismic construction function in Kazakhstan, but not all new construction sites of Almaty are tested for seismic norms. It was informed by in charge of laboratory of seismic capacities of buildings of high altitude of the Kazakh Scientific and Research Institute of Construction and Architecture (KSRICA) Igor Itskov.

"There were cases, when we detected unallowable violations with the help of vibration experiments. We made a report on it, and department of the state architectural and construction commission (SACC) made constructors to liquidate all problems, which appeared. Buildings were enforced," I. Itskov informed.

However, at the moment not all new construction sites of the southern capital are designed and controlled during construction by the KSRICA. According to him, such control is "either good will of a client, who wants to check quality of construction and thereby to attract clients to buy his apartments, or checking is carried out if the SACC has doubts on seismic stability of a building. Also experiments are conducted when absolutely new construction system or new material are used. In accordance with all our norms all new constructions and materials, which are used in seismic construction are subjected to the special expertise.

В Алматы под председательством заместителя акима города Виктора Долженкова прошло совещание по вопросам предупреждения оползневых процессов

Как было отмечено на встрече, зачастую оползни сходят из-за непродуманной жизнедеятельности человека. Грунт в предгорных районах увлажняется отнюдь не из-за обильных осадков, а из-за прорыва трубопровода или повсеместной установки септиков, вода из которых впитывается в землю и накапливается в ней годами. К тому же частой причиной стихийных бедствий становится неграмотная и хаотичная застройка в предгорьях без соблюдения норм строительства.

- Многие забывают, что мы находимся в сейсмичной зоне, - обеспокоен заместитель акима Алматы Виктор Долженков. - При возведении зданий не обращают внимание на то, что у нас просадочные грунты, которые при увлажнении становятся подвижными.

В результате этой забывчивости страдают люди. Только за последние шесть лет в предгорной зоне Медеуского района было восемь случаев схода оползней, в которых гибли люди. Последнее ЧП произошло на днях. 1 ноября на территории поселка Кок-Тобе при прокладке Восточной объездной дороги из-за грубого нарушения технологии работ обрушился грунт откоса.

- Сегодня особое беспокойство у нас вызывают дома, построенные на гребнях и склонах предгорной зоны Каменского плато, по левому берегу реки Малая Алматинка, в Алмаарасане, районе ущелья Ремизовка, поселке Ерменсай, - рассказал руководитель управления по мобилизационной подготовке, гражданской обороне, организации предупреждения и ликвидации аварий и стихийных бедствий Бауыржан Искаков. - На всех участках отмечается бесконтрольная застройка. Острота проблемы заключается в том, что не только застраиваемые, но и соседние участки не проходят тщательную экспертизу на наличие деформации и предпосылок к образованию опасных геологических процессов.

Для предотвращения чрезвычайных ситуаций предложено со следующего года провести мониторинг по контролю за потенциально опасными участками, осуществить в урочищах Медеу и Шымбулак специальные мероприятия по защите от оползней, камнепадов и осыпи, взять под контроль застройки в предгорных зонах. Кроме того, нужно стабилизировать русла рек Есентай, Бекенбай и Кенесар. Построить каскады и защитные сооружения на реках Бедельбай и Батарейка, а также противолавинные ограждения близ реки Малая Алматинка.

- Составлена прогнозная карта оползневой опасности в Алматы, - поделился Бауыржан Искаков. - Естественно, те склоны, которые сегодня уже застроены, освободить в одночасье невозможно. Со следующего года будет проведен мониторинг, ужесточен контроль за деятельностью строительных компаний. Кроме этого будет проведена ревизия всех канализационных и водопроводных сетей в предгорных районах.

Искаков отметил, что сейчас земельные участки в предгорных районах не выдаются, приостановлено строительство ряда объектов. А Генеральная прокуратура занимается теми случаями, когда некоторые чиновники вопреки нормам законодательства и СНиП выдавали разрешения.

В конце прошлой недели японские сейсмологи представили результаты исследований возможного сильного землетрясения в Алматы

Беспечность обернется катастрофой

Елена КОЭМЕЦ

В конце прошлой недели японские сейсмологи представили результаты исследований возможного сильного землетрясения в Алматы. Это был очень болезненный удар для городских служб – представленные данные показали, как высок риск катастрофических последствий. О том, какие рекомендации дали специалисты из Японии, рассказал руководитель группы Фумио Канеко в эксклюзивном интервью нашей газете.

Объекты эксперимента – два района южной столицы

В Алматы исследовательская группа Японского агентства международного сотрудничества работает второй год. Первый год ушел на то, чтобы изучить, землетрясение какой интенсивности возможно в Алматы, а также оценить его возможный ущерб. Сейчас японские специалисты с учетом накопленных знаний у себя на родине и особенностей алматинской инфраструктуры разрабатывают план подготовки города к возможным землетрясениям, расписывают рекомендации для всех служб экстренного реагирования.

Для реализации экспериментальных проектов выбраны Алмалинский и Медеуский районы. В Алмалинском районе японцы встретились с жителями и рассказали, какие страшные последствия могут ждать город. Основной интерес населения был связан лишь с сейсмостойкостью конкретных зданий. Еще больше японских специалистов удивило, что в вопросах поведения при сильных подземных толчках гораздо лучше разбираются… дети, чем взрослые.

далее. (http://www.zakon.kz/our/news/news.asp?id=30357196&bcsi_scan_A4F60BCA0D20A2F5=4WBYdSODeYEQ7vOu7zEbKDwAAABEgDob&bcsi_scan_filename=news.asp)

Уже более тридцати лет стоит и не падает гостиница Казахстан. Сто семь метров высоты и устойчивость к девяти баллам.

ВЛАДИМИР КРАСНЯНСКИЙ, ЭКС-РУКОВОДИТЕЛЬ «ГЛАВАЛМАТЫСТРОЙ»:

- В принцип было заложено, что это должно быть железобетонный ствол, который формировал вот этот вестибюль с лифтами, толщина стен там была пятьсот миллиметров на всю высоту. И на север и на восток и на запад были запроектированы диафрагмы жесткости. Они служили стенами номеров и в тоже время несли основную нагрузку по обеспечению жесткости при колебаниях в этом направлении.

Под этим роскошным холлом на десятиметровой глубине лежит огромная железобетонная плита из особо прочного цемента. Она не только придает устойчивость, но и гасит толчки, работая по принципу маятника, принимая удары стихии на себя.

Строилась гостиница «Казахстан» революционным способом – монолитным. Сейчас в Алматы так строятся практически все многоэтажки.

...

В конце прошлой недели японские сейсмологи представили результаты исследований возможного сильного землетрясения в Алматы

Беспечность обернется катастрофой

Елена КОЭМЕЦ

В конце прошлой недели японские сейсмологи представили результаты исследований возможного сильного землетрясения в Алматы. Это был очень болезненный удар для городских служб – представленные данные показали, как высок риск катастрофических последствий. О том, какие рекомендации дали специалисты из Японии, рассказал руководитель группы Фумио Канеко в эксклюзивном интервью нашей газете.

Объекты эксперимента – два района южной столицы

В Алматы исследовательская группа Японского агентства международного сотрудничества работает второй год. Первый год ушел на то, чтобы изучить, землетрясение какой интенсивности возможно в Алматы, а также оценить его возможный ущерб. Сейчас японские специалисты с учетом накопленных знаний у себя на родине и особенностей алматинской инфраструктуры разрабатывают план подготовки города к возможным землетрясениям, расписывают рекомендации для всех служб экстренного реагирования.

Для реализации экспериментальных проектов выбраны Алмалинский и Медеуский районы. В Алмалинском районе японцы встретились с жителями и рассказали, какие страшные последствия могут ждать город. Основной интерес населения был связан лишь с сейсмостойкостью конкретных зданий. Еще больше японских специалистов удивило, что в вопросах поведения при сильных подземных толчках гораздо лучше разбираются… дети, чем взрослые.

далее. (http://www.zakon.kz/our/news/news.asp?id=30357196&bcsi_scan_A4F60BCA0D20A2F5=4WBYdSODeYEQ7vOu7zEbKDwAAABEgDob&bcsi_scan_filename=news.asp)
^^
Очень полезная статья. Теперь можно сказать +1. :nono:
Я теперь тоже буду знать как вести себя при землетрясении