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feleru January 10th, 2009, 12:52 AM como estan amigos puertoriqueños, me atrevi a visitarlos por aca , y poner esta noticia que le incumbe a mi pais colombia y al suyo ,, me parece un muy buen proyecto .
. saludos
Seria el cable submarino mas largo del mundo.
http://www.oficinascomerciales.es/icex/cda/controller/pageOfecomes/0,5310,5280449_5282957_5284971_4132156_CO,00.html
Puerto Rico planea construcción de cable submarino para obtener energía.
Actualmente, la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica (AEE) vende el kilovatio hora en 28 centavos de dólar y se estima que con la transmisión de la energía colombiana ese costo podría estar entre 12 y 16 centavos el kilovatio hora.
En principio, el acuerdo consistirá en un compromiso de confidencialidad y exclusividad entre la compañía de generación eléctrica de colombiana, Empresas Públicas de Medellín e Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. (ISA) experta en la construcción de cables de transmisión de energía con la Comisión Nacional de Energética de la República Dominicana y la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica (AEE). El acuerdo, que deberá ser firmado en las próximas dos semanas, será el inicio de un proceso de análisis detallado que servirá de preámbulo para la construcción de posiblemente dos cables de más de 2.000 kilómetros de largo cada uno entre Colombia, Puerto Rico y la República Dominicana.
Se estima que el proyecto tendrá un costo aproximado de 4.000 millones de dólares y de concretarse se convertirá en el cable submarino de energía más largo y potente del mundo. La propuesta, que en un principio incluía solo a Puerto Rico, pero ahora se extiende a Dominicana, podría contar con el financiamiento del Banco Internacional de Desarrollo (BID) e inversionistas privados. En todo caso, el peso de la inversión estaría sobre Colombia, mientras que Puerto Rico y la República Dominicana se limitarían a asegurar un contrato a largo plazo para la compra de la energía.
El cable propuesto para Puerto Rico tendría capacidad de transmitir unos 1.200 megavatios, de los que según expertos, la Isla deberá comprometerse a comprar al menos 800 megavatios para que el proyecto sea viable financieramente. Cabe señalar que, para el 2009, la AEE tendrá una capacidad de para generar 5.800 megavatios de energía, 1.800 más que la demanda estimada. Pero a un costo de 28 centavos el kilovatio.
El reto principal del proyecto será la ruta por la que pasará el cable de manera que pueda evadir las grandes profundidades del Mar Caribe, sin hacerlo demasiado extenso.
La propuesta incluye la construcción de una planta generadora en Colombia para uso exclusivo de la energía que transmitirían a Puerto Rico y Dominicana, además de una estación de conversión de energía alterna a energía directa para transmitirla a tanta distancia con una pérdida menor. Se estima que la perdida podría rondar el 10%, lo que es similar a la perdida actual de transmitir la energía de norte a sur.
Mientras que en las islas sólo habría una estación para volver a convertir la energía a alterna para poder ser distribuida a través de las líneas de la AEE. El cable está propuesto para salir desde la Guajira, Colombia hasta Baraona en la República Dominicana y a Aguadilla y Manatí en Puerto Rico.
El_duque January 11th, 2009, 08:44 PM Yo no sé por qué quieren un cable tan largo, con conectarse al mío basta. :lol:
davsot February 16th, 2009, 07:34 AM Yo quiero que nunca lo construyan. Es estúpido. Si la AEE haría su trabajo mejor, todos tuviéramos energía renovable que nos duraría para siempre.
Panama_Post February 16th, 2009, 04:33 PM Lo malo de depende de una linea así es que cualquier fallo en alta mar, uno queda sin energía o bajones! y eso lo puede utilizar la FARC para hacer atentado así como se la pasan ellos detonando torres de alta tención en Colombia.
Bori427 February 16th, 2009, 05:51 PM El proyecto esta practicamente descartado
feleru February 16th, 2009, 07:32 PM Lo malo de depende de una linea así es que cualquier fallo en alta mar, uno queda sin energía o bajones! y eso lo puede utilizar la FARC para hacer atentado así como se la pasan ellos detonando torres de alta tención en Colombia.
eso ya no lo hacen hace tiempo ,, aca por orden del presidente y y la seguridad democratica toda la infraestructura del pais esta protegida militarmente ,, las torres y nada , se caen hace por lo menos 9 años ,, que no pasa eso
saygy69 February 17th, 2009, 12:40 AM Yo no sé por qué quieren un cable tan largo, con conectarse al mío basta. :lol:
:lol::lol::lol::lol:
Panama_Post February 17th, 2009, 04:43 PM eso ya no lo hacen hace tiempo ,, aca por orden del presidente y y la seguridad democratica toda la infraestructura del pais esta protegida militarmente ,, las torres y nada , se caen hace por lo menos 9 años ,, que no pasa eso
Lo comento porque recientemente vi un reportaje de eso en Telemundo. y aparte de eso los paramilitares ponen unas minas creo que se llaman rompe pata, para que las personas que va arreglar las torres sean afectados por las minas.
feleru February 17th, 2009, 05:01 PM pero habra sido reportaje viejo , porque hace muchos años , ya no le pasa nada a ninguna torre de comunicacion
D-MAN February 17th, 2009, 06:51 PM Es una de las ideas mas tontas en la historia de Puerto Rico...
Jaykar October 5th, 2010, 07:58 AM Trazada la ruta de la Red Energética Caribeña (http://www.elnuevodia.com/trazadalarutadelaredenergeticacaribena-791657.html)
Luis Fortuño y Kenneth McClintock defenderán el proyecto en Casa Blanca.
El secretario de estado, Kenneth McClintock, viajará junto al gobernador Luis Fortuño a Casa Blanca y a la República Dominicana para hablar del proyecto a de la Red Energética Caribeña. (El Nuevo Día / Carlos Giusti)
Por Sandra Caquías Cruz / end.scaquias@elnuevodia.com
El cable submarino, el proyecto que interconectaría a Puerto Rico y a otras veinte islas del Caribe con un sistema eléctrico, será el tema de discusión que esta semana llevará al gobernador Luis Fortuño a la capital federal.
Mediante este proyecto, Puerto Rico busca vender energía a sus vecinos caribeños. Además, a la Red Energética Caribeña, como denominan el ambicioso proyecto del cable submarino, no descartan incluirle fibra óptica para dar conexión a internet.
Las negociaciones para defender este proyecto también incluye una visita oficial del Mandatario a la República Dominicana para reunirse con el presidente Leonel Fernández, anunció el secretario de estado, Kenneth McClintock, quien acompañará al Mandatario en ambas ocasiones. La primera de las reuniones es mañana en Casa Blanca.
“Nosotros tenemos 5,838 de megavatios de capacidad y lo más que necesitamos son 3,685. Así que, nosotros tenemos una capacidad generatriz en exceso de 2,200 megavatios”, apuntó McClintock.
McClintock explicó que la primera de las conexiones será entre Fajardo y San Thomas. La fecha no la especificó. “Está bastante adelantado, ya se han hechos unos diseños preliminares y se han establecido unas rutas”, indicó. El costo lo estimó en “varios millones”.
“La (conexión) de República Dominicana podría estar un poco más tarde, pero también dentro de un futuro relativamente cercano”, indicó. El punto de enlace que tendrá el cable entre Puerto Rico y República Dominicana no está decidido. La reunión con el presidente de la República Dominicana será la semana próxima.
La conexión con el resto del Caribe, según McClintock, “va a depender del nivel de militancia” que tenga el Gobierno de Estados Unidos, el Banco de Desarrollo Interamericano, el Fondo Monetario Internacional, y otras entidades que estudian la viabilidad económica de cada uno de los segmentos de este mega cable.
Las negociaciones respecto a La Red Energética Caribeña, se dan en momentos en que aquí se discute la ubicación de un gasoducto -llamado Vía Verde- que cruzaría la Isla para llevar gas natural al área metropolitana. El proyecto fue propuesto con el fin de abaratar los costos de energía.
¿Vía Verde (gasoducto) es para venderle energía a los países vecinos?, le preguntó El Nuevo Día.
“Va a ser para intercambiar energía entre todos y, en la medida en que estemos vendiendo energía... creamos una fuente adicional de ingresos para la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica (AEE) que permite promediar un costo más bajo para los puertorriqueños”, dijo.
El Secretario de Estado rechazó que la razón de ser de Vía Verde es aumentar la capacidad de energía para venderla. “No. Es que a la capacidad en exceso que tiene ya la AEE se le pueda dar mejor uso que el que se le da ahora, que es no generar ingreso alguno”, indicó.
¿Las comunidades avalan que los expropien con la intención de que el gobierno tenga energía para vender?
“Hay 94 estructuras que quedan cerca y 34 en el trayecto de Vía Verde, va haber un mínimo que se verían afectados por Vía Verde... El que se vea afectado será compensado”, aseguró.
Jaykar October 5th, 2010, 08:02 AM WAPA Board Approves Caribbean Power Grid Study (http://stcroixsource.com/content/news/local-news/2010/08/26/wapa-board-approves-caribbean-power-grid-study)
BY BILL KOSSLER — AUGUST 26, 2010
With an eye towards a future Caribbean power grid, the V.I. Water and Power Authority governing board authorized $469,000 Thursday to study the feasibility of an interconnection between Puerto Rico, and the U.S. and British Virgin Islands.
The study will help analyze the needed configuration, provide preliminary cost estimates and ensure the feasibility of high-voltage direct current over such distances and depths, according to Clinton Hedrington, WAPA's director of transmission and distribution.
It will also look at whether and how much the interconnection will reduce operational costs, save fuel and cut carbon emissions. And, Hedrington said, it will look at the best routes to lay underwater cables from Fajardo, Puerto Rico, to St. Thomas and several possible routes to Croix.
The St. Croix cable will present the greatest challenges partly because of the undersea terrain, he said.
WAPA selected Siemens Power Tech, Inc., one of six respondents to a Request for Proposal issued in June, to conduct the study.
The $469,000 authorized by WAPA is less than the available funding, which includes a $476,000 federal grant through the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory.
WAPA Board member Gerald Groner, who also chairs the board’s Planning Committee, said establishing a power grid between Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is a first step toward a broader Caribbean electrical grid.
It also opens the possibilities of adding more renewable sources locally, Groner said. For instance, a wider Caribbean grid would allow use of renewable energy from other islands such as Nevis, which is working to develop a geothermal power system.
Groner also touted the proposed grid's reliability.
"If we get connected to the Puerto Rico Grid, even if only to St. Thomas at first, we will immediately have much more backup and redundancy," Groner said, adding that a big problem with switching to solar and wind is "having a brownout when the wind dies down."
According to WAPA spokeswoman Cassandra Dunn, the study has recently gained national attention and support from high-level federal officials, including Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
In other WAPA news, the board authorized Hodge to reallocate $2.2 million of the proceeds of the Electric Revenue Bonds Series 2010C originally allocated to other capital improvement projects, with $1.25 million to constructing the Randolph Harley Substation on St. Thomas and $942,000 for work on a generating unit on St. Croix.
The money is through federal stimulus “Build America Bonds” and must be used on qualifying capital improvements before they expire, said WAPA Chief Financial Officer Nellon Bowry.
In other business, the board:
-- approved funding of $1.4 million to hire Dresser-Rand corp. for the regular five-year major maintenance inspection, parts and repairs for one of St. Croix’s steam turbines and generators;
--extended a tree-trimming contract with Asplundh Tree Expert Co. 90 days, to keep tree-trimming uninterrupted until after hurricane season. Tree trimming during the extension will cost $212,000 and the entire Asplundh contract cost will be $1.3 million;
-- authorized Hodge to negotiate a one-year retainer agreement with Bryan’s Electrical Contracting Corporation of St. Thomas to assist the Authority with emergency restoration services, in the aftermath of a hurricane or other natural disaster.
The board previously authorized negotiations with stateside companies to help restore services, which will be invaluable if damage to service is so severe that local companies are overwhelmed. But having a local company on retainer is also crucial, so companies like Bryan's Electrical, which have heavy equipment and bucket trucks, are ready to go, with WAPA's needs coming first, Hodge said.
"Otherwise, we will have to compete to be the highest bidder in the midst of a crisis," he said. "You want as much local help as possible lined up ahead of time. Especially somebody like Bryan, who has bucket trucks and what have you."
Every member present voted yea on each item except Groner, who recused himself from voting in relation to the GEC maintenance contract. The board met in both districts via teleconference.
Present at Thursday's meeting were Young, Groner, Vice Chair Brenda Benjamin, Noel Loftus and Cheryl Boynes-Jackson. Absent were members Donald Francois, V.I. Department of Planning and Natural Resources Commissioner Robert Mathes, Licensing and Consumer Affairs Commissioner Wayne Biggs and V.I. Personnel Director Kenneth Hermon, Jr.
Jaykar October 5th, 2010, 08:04 AM Caribbean power grid could share energy, costs (http://virginislandsdailynews.com/op-ed/caribbean-power-grid-could-share-energy-costs-1.746312)
BY ALPHONSO FRANKLIN
Published: April 26, 2010
One wonders whether the Virgin Islands ever will see the implementation of any credible alternative to the territory’s power and waste situation finally resolved to the satisfaction of the majority of our people.
Proposal after proposal by the V.I. Water and Power Authority to lower the cost of electric power and water has been turned down, without any indication of what can work for us. Unfortunately, like President Obama’s Health Care Reform bill, there is a most vocal opposition that always attempts to get its way, no matter what. By exhibiting their perceived knowledge of the issues, they survive, while the majority of the ratepayers continue to pay for the consequences of inaction and delay.
For at least 10 years, WAPA has taken the brunt of the ratepayers’ anger because of the rising cost of oil on the world market and the aging of its power generation equipment. Yet every proposed solution by the Water and Power Authority, presented with careful consideration of our need, and the resultant effects of any form of alternative energy and or renewable energy, has been consistently met with opposition from some in the public.
I believe that In most cases the opposition is not taking into consideration our geographic location and our limited revenues to supply a territory of some 120, 000 people with cheaper electric power and desalinated water while maintaining a pollution-free environment.
Whether it is a waste-to-energy plant proposal in earlier years, or an ocean thermal energy conversion plant on the North Shore, or a wind-to-energy plant or a connection of the Virgin Islands to a power grid from Puerto Rico, fueled by natural gas or coal — all have been turned down by a highly vocal minority.
This is not to say that the vocal minority does not have good arguments against some or all of these proposals, but when they get their wish, we are always back to square one.
The time is long past for the entire community to become involved in the solution — not sit on the sidelines and be a critic, or passively accept anything that is proposed, but to be a part of the solution rather than prolong the problem.
The issue of lower-cost electric power and water from our utility is far more complex than our reactionary glances seem to accept. On our islands — where our only natural resources for the production of electric power and water are the wind, the sea and the sun — the technology to develop and produce power on a large scale through these resources is expensive and uncertain to most of us.
The time to do something, however, is now. The entire nation is under a national mandate to reduce our consumption of fossil fuels. We must do our part to reduce the emissions that contribute to global warming and use of alternative and renewable fuels for electric power and transportation.
Every proposal will have its shortcomings. Not everyone will agree with everything, however, in moving ahead there ought to be a middle ground, a happy medium that is good for the entire Virgin Islands and the Caribbean. So far, each little island has been struggling to find its own solution, but the answer may well lie in a regional power grid, using the collective natural resources of each island and each one’s geographic and economic position.
We could to form an energy-sharing grid whereby each contributing island will supply either hydroelectric power, geo-thermal, natural gas, pet coke, OTEC, solar, wind or wave action — even nuclear power if we go that far — to Florida. Just think about it — it is possible with submarine cables.
This, however, is not something to be taken on solely by WAPA, as we have been expecting in the past. We need government agencies and the private sector — community organizations and businesses — all of whom should have a vested interest in a public-private venture and in seeing our power generation problems finally resolved within the next 10 years.
This approach will call for a future energy power panel or task force that will examine our present power situation, talk with our Caribbean neighbors, explore our options, make the best choice and ultimately make a recommendation to be approved by the appropriate government body, then build for our future energy needs.
Over the next 10 years, we need to be looking at more creative ways of generating electric power and sharing cost with our neighbors in the formation of a uniquely operated “Caribbean Power Network,” to serve our long-term needs at a shared cost, and ultimately lower cost for our ratepayers and the Caribbean region.
Jaykar October 5th, 2010, 08:07 AM Puerto Rico y RD impulsarán una red energética caribeña (http://www.hoy.com.do/el-pais/2010/2/18/314556/Puerto-Rico-y-RD-impulsaran-una-red-energetica-caribena)
Comprarán energía para abaratar costes
San Juan. EFE. Puerto Rico y la República Dominicana impulsarán la creación de una red energética de interconexión caribeña, anunciaron ayer en San Juan en una conferencia de prensa los titulares de exteriores de los dos países.
El secretario de Estado de Puerto Rico, Kenneth McClintock, explicó que ambos países comprarán conjuntamente energía para abaratar costes, tras mantener una reunión con el canciller dominicano, Carlos Morales Troncoso, en Puerto Rico.
El encuentro se desarrolló dentro del seguimiento de la agenda de la llamada Alianza Estratégica firmada por ambas naciones.
McClintock señaló que la red energética de interconexión que quieren poner en marcha incluirá a Haití y las Islas Vírgenes.
“La compra de energía de forma conjunta será la primera de las medidas a tomar”, dijo McClintock, tras reconocer que se trata de una forma inteligente de ahorrar costes entre dos países vecinos.
El secretario de Estado puertorriqueño no dio, sin embargo, detalles técnicos de la red de interconexión caribeña ni de los plazos para su puesta en marcha, aunque destacó que se trata de una necesidad apremiante, dado el aislamiento energético que sufre todo el Caribe en general.
Añadió que esa futura red de interconexión solucionará los problemas de Puerto Rico, la República Dominicana y el Caribe.
Por su parte, Morales Troncoso sostuvo que la iniciativa puede ayudar a la integración energética de la región y que se trata de un proyecto que se suma al Plan Puebla-Panamá (PPP), que promueve la interconexión entre los países de la región.
Las frases
Kenneth McClintock
Como isla que somos necesitamos una capacidad de reserva energética de 5,000 megavatios, aunque nuestro pico de consumo se sitúa en los 3,600”.
La compra de energía de forma conjunta será la primera de las medidas a tomar”.
Jaykar October 5th, 2010, 08:11 AM Colombia interesada en interconexión energética con Puerto Rico (http://www.elespectador.com/articulo196194-colombia-interesada-interconexion-energetica-puerto-rico)
Por: Agencia EFE
La conexión energética caribeña se incluye en el Plan Puebla-Panamá.
Colombia está interesada en unirse a una futura red energética de interconexión caribeña que quiere encabezar Puerto Rico, señaló hoy el responsable de la política exterior del Estado Libre Asociado, Kenneth McClintock.
El secretario de Estado puertorriqueño dijo que funcionarios colombianos mostraron recientemente su deseo de unirse al proyecto -en el que también tiene interés en formar la República Dominicana- de integración energética de la región, que el Ejecutivo de San Juan pretende liderar.
"El Caribe no comparte energía con otras áreas", dijo McClintock para ilustrar el aislamiento de la región, cuyos países podrían poner en marcha un proyecto de interconexión que señaló se desarrollaría a lo largo de las próximas décadas.
McClintock, que reconoció que el proyecto sólo está en fase de intercambio de información, resaltó que el aislamiento de la región provoca que Puerto Rico tenga que mantener una capacidad de reserva energética de 5.000 megavatios para un pico de consumo de sólo 3.600 megavatios.
El funcionario insistió en que Puerto Rico quiere ser "el centro de la red de interconexión", lo que planteará en la próxima reunión ministerial de la zona que aborde el asunto.
La conexión energética caribeña se incluye en el Plan Puebla-Panamá (PPP), proyecto que busca oportunidades y soluciones a los retos comunes de la región.
Jaykar October 5th, 2010, 08:14 AM MARTES 5 DE OCTUBRE DE 2010
LF y gobernador de PR tratarán creación Red Energética en el Caribe (http://maoentrerios.blogspot.com/2010/10/lf-y-gobernador-de-pr-trataran-creacion.html)
El secretario del Departamento de Estado de Puerto Rico, Kenneth McClintock dijo que la interconexión con República Dominicana ayudará a que el kilovatio hora baje de precio.
SAN JUAN,Puerto Rico.- El gobernador de esta isla, Luis Fortuño y el presidente Leonel Fernández se reunirán el 13 de de este mes en Santo Domingo para tratar sobre la creación de la Red Energética del Caribe, que permitirá a la Republica Dominicana mejorar el servicio de energia eléctrica, informó el secretario del Departamento de Estado, Kenneth McClintock.
En la reunión serán discutidos los planes de interconectar ambos países, a fin de bajar los costos del suministro en la Republica Dominicana, donde el servicio es precario.
La interconexion eléctrica será hecha por la parte oeste de Puerto Rico y la este de la República Dominicana, manifestó McClintock, durante un encuentro con periodistas, quien agregó que con la iniciativa también bajarán los costos de la energía eléctrica en la isla caribena.
Dijo que la Red interconectará en un futuro todas las islas del Caribe, en un sistema eléctrico donde intercambiarían energia para favorecer a las que la necesitan, lo que reducirá el costo del kilovatio por hora, agregó el funcionario puertorriqueño.
El secretario del Departamento de Estado aseguró que la asociación de la isla del Caribe ayudará a que el precio del kilovatio baje sustancialmente como ocurre con los grandes continentes, que cuesta de 10 a 12 centavos por hora, porque están conectados.
Expresó que esos son los primeros dos pasos para interconectar República Dominicana, Puerto Rico e islas Virgenes.
Jaykar October 5th, 2010, 08:41 AM Un Vieques “verde” y electricidad para los países del Caribe (http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.primerahora.com/unviequesverdeyelectricidadparalospaisesdelcaribe-427900.html)
miércoles, 29 de septiembre de 2010
Maritza Díaz Alcaide / Primera Hora
Vieques también será “verde”. El gobernador Luis Fortuño dijo ayer que su gobierno formula un plan para un Vieques sostenible energéticamente, donde incluso los automóviles corran con gas y, eventualmente, con electricidad, en vez de gasolina.
La iniciativa que lideran el Gobernador y el comisionado residente en Washington, Pedro Pierlusi, según el secretario de Desarrollo Económico (DEC) José Pérez Riera, pretende convertir a la Isla Nena en un microcosmos de lo que se puede lograr en el resto de Puerto Rico y Estados Unidos en materia de energía.
“Estamos hablando de traer gas natural, de traer molinos de vientos y que los vehículos corran con gas y que eventualmente sean eléctricos”, precisó Pérez Riera.
Durante la Cumbre 2010 de Desarrollo Económico auspiciada por el DEC, el director ejecutivo de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica también mencionó que la Isla le vendería eléctricidad a Saint Thomas y que formaremos parte también de una red de transferencia energética con otros países del Caribe.
En un aparte con Primera Hora, Cordero dijo que es el Gobierno federal el que auspicia ambas iniciativas que él estará discutiendo la semana que viene en Washington.
Venderle energía a Saint Thomas requiere la construcción de un cable submarino que costaría $50 millones y se espera que el Gobierno de Estados Unidos aporte los fondos. “Bajo ninguna circunstancia, nosotros vamos a invertir en eso”’, aseguró Cordero.
En la Cumbre, participó como orador principal Maurice P. McTigue, un ex miembro del parlamento y ex ministro de gabinete de Nueva Zelandia.
Durante su alocución dijo que el Gobierno de la Isla tiene el plan económico correcto, que ha dado los pasos indicados para salir de la crisis y que sólo hace falta paciencia para ver los resultados.
El Gobernador participó más tarde en un conversatorio con representantes del sector privado y entre otras cosas les señaló que la reforma contributiva va dirigida a “premiar el éxito, porque por demasiados años el éxito ha sido tildado como algo negativo”. Esa frase se ha utilizado en el pasado para anticipar rebajas en las tasas contributivas a los sectores con mayor capital.
prince draco October 5th, 2010, 11:45 PM alguien sabe info de prepa.net....creo que era el plan de exportar energia y internet de broadband al caribe en especial RD
prince draco October 5th, 2010, 11:47 PM gente vayan a google maps y delen a earth y metanse bajo el mar entre vieques y santa cruz
ese otec site mas bello de mundo... es enorme y es de nostros...:banana:
sam06pr October 6th, 2010, 01:37 AM Omg tantas noticias. jajaja um suenan bien
prince draco October 7th, 2010, 09:59 PM nuestro futuro energetico
http://www.offinf.com/YabucoaDic2K9.pdf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfwHoRptPCs&feature=related
vision de como se mezclaría con el ambiente
http://www.vistaalmar.es/images/stories/fotos/otec-uso-futuro.jpg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XrxC4gigCU&feature=player_embedded#!
NUMERATZI December 16th, 2010, 01:53 AM Ojala que se utilicen ambas por que en el video de los hidrotermic vents salio que habia uno super cerca a Puerto Rico
prince draco December 16th, 2010, 02:28 AM Ojala que se utilicen ambas por que en el video de los hidrotermic vents salio que habia uno super cerca a Puerto Rico
super cerca no...en puerto rico
para que rayo meternos en un contrato de 40 years con gas natural (importado de de spain) para producir el 72% de la energia de PR si tenemos esto ya.... osea es idiota
yo me inclino mas por el marshall por lo de los minerales...pero cualquiera de las 2 son tremendas opciones....thats the way to go
NUMERATZI December 16th, 2010, 02:48 AM El marshall tiene dos beneficios por que da minerales y también puede crear agua potable con la agua salada :D el otro también me convence! Envrdd que cualquiera de los dos me encantaría! ... Pero no c por que deciden hacer el chavado contrato de 40 años de gas natural ese y el gasoducto que tengo presentimiento de que explotara en un futuro si se hace?!
Qué pena que no soy gobernador >:[ a la misma vez que bueno porque después de que salgo de eso pues nadie me trata normal y eso sería un lio! --- Seria un lio so que pichea jaja
Creo que es estados unidos el que no quiere que se utilice esto porque otras naciones verán que esto funciona y dejaran de depender del petróleo de los estados unidos o lo utilizaran solo para correr los automóviles.
------- Que hubiese echo Rogelio? Quizá hubiese sido pinocho como Fortuño pero probablemente hubiera echo algo.
A.F December 16th, 2010, 04:47 AM Esas tecnologias estan desarrolladas desde hace tiempo, no la sacan a la luz pq supuestamente va a terminar afectando la economia. Puras excusas baratas !!!
NUMERATZI December 16th, 2010, 05:45 PM SI MANO! lo unico que ara es achicar la gran venta de petroleo , lo cual le preocupa a estados unidos of course! El petrolio es mucho de la economia global.
A.F December 17th, 2010, 06:08 PM Por eso mismo es cm hay tantos paises dependientes exclusivamente del petroleo. La salida de una tecnologia asi los llevaria a la ruina. Hasta q esos paises no terminen de diversificar su economia cm lo estan haciendo los emiratos arabes ninguna tecnologia asi saldra a la luz publica.
NUMERATZI December 18th, 2010, 03:02 AM Es verdad que si tu produces energia en tu casa y no consumes ninguna aciendo que toda se vaya en riversa por el power grid pues la AEE t manda un cheque con dinero?
luisr December 18th, 2010, 09:12 PM Eso es lo que llaman "Net metering". Cuando tu produces energía y tu consumo es menor que tu producción ese exceso lo envías al grid y el contador pues cuenta a la inversa. No se si ya la AEE implementó eso de net metering.
NUMERATZI December 20th, 2010, 06:05 AM Cuando lo implementen... Me voi a comprar ona planta elexctrica enorme!! Que rompa record mundial!! Pa que produsca enerjia y sea tanta que se valla en inversa por el grid aunque llo use un poco de ella, y como la electricidad aqui cuesta super cara y creo que esta mas cara que la gasolina o algun otra cosa con la que pueda correr el motor (algunas) pues no voi a salir perdiendo aunque la gasolina este cara... ME GANARE $$$ :D ... Pa los ecofriendly pues me compro una cosa ahi que lei un chin en la revista de national geografic que coje los "green gasses""y los mete en creo que piedra volcanica abajo de la tierra. O quiza me compro la planta de los "hidrotermic vents" y me creo mi propia compañia de energia poniendola a un precio razonable :D. ... parese un cuento esto osea que ... FIN!! -- esto no me lo corrijan por favor! :)
luisr December 20th, 2010, 11:18 AM Yo solo creo que necesitas cambiar de punto. :D
PREC December 20th, 2010, 07:43 PM Del 5 al 7 de mayo de 2011 sera la 4ta Conferencia Internacional del Centro Internacional para Estudios del Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable - (CIEMADeS) titulada: Interconexión Eléctrica del Caribe
info:
ciemades.org (http://ciemades.org)
Facebook Group "CIEMADeS" (http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=145443272149099&v=wall)
CIEMADeS on Twitter (http://twitter.com/ciemades)
NUMERATZI December 21st, 2010, 03:47 AM jaja Oka cambio de punto :)
PREC December 21st, 2010, 04:05 PM Es verdad que si tu produces energia en tu casa y no consumes ninguna aciendo que toda se vaya en riversa por el power grid pues la AEE t manda un cheque con dinero?
*ejemplo: produces con energia solar (no almacenas = no tienes batts) por el dia no consumes ya que estas fuera de tu casa trabajando, etc. lo que produces (exceso) lo "vendes" a AEE. En la noche consumes de la AEE (ya que no produces ni tienes almacenamiento) entonces AEE te factura en negativo (Cr) si es que consumes menos de lo que produces. Se supone que al final de año el exceso de Credito te lo paguen... del dicho al hecho, dudo que paguen $ efectivo? quizas mas Crs para pagar tu consumo de energia? o un credito contributivo?
*[opinion personal] PREC no se solidariza con mis comentarios
--
John
Eso es lo que llaman "Net metering". Cuando tu produces energía y tu consumo es menor que tu producción ese exceso lo envías al grid y el contador pues cuenta a la inversa. No se si ya la AEE implementó eso de net metering.
Ley Núm. 114 de 16 de agosto de 2007 para ordenar y autorizar a la AEE a establecer un programa de medición neta (net metering) (http://www.suagm.edu/utdoctoral/prec/pdfs/Ley_114-%20Net-Metering.pdf)
en resumen:
Permite crear acuerdos de interconexión y medición neta con las utilidades (PREPA-AEE)
Diseño, Instalación y Certificación se debe realizar por profesionales certificados por PREPA-AAE
Equipo y Materiales debe estar certificado por AAE y PREPA-AEE
En horas de alta producción y bajo consumo, la energía es inyectada a la red
En horas de alto consumo, la energía utilizada de la red es restada de la exportada
Un contador especial realiza la medición neta
El excedente de energía se pasa de mes a mes como si fueran rollover minutes
El excedente a fin de año PREPA lo paga a 10 centavos el Watt
Legislación actual pretende aumentar estos 10 centavos al mismo costo que PREPA vende la energía
NUMERATZI December 21st, 2010, 04:25 PM Algun dia quiero hacer eso! Jaja Debe ser un honor a la persona que AEE le mande un cheque con dinero enves de que te cobren. :D
PREC April 29th, 2011, 09:20 PM Friends, we are pleased to invite you to the 4th International Conference CIEMADeS about the electrical interconnection of the Caribbean.
For information, visit the event website: ciemades.org/conference (http://ciemades.org/conference.html)
A brief presentation of what will be discussed on the event: ciemades.org/pdf (http://www.ciemades.org/conf_11/pdfs/CIEMADeS__Electric_Interconnection_Conference.pdf)
http://www.suagm.edu/utdoctoral/aa_ut/calendar_imgs/CIEMADES-AD-2011.jpg
Ultramatic April 29th, 2011, 09:26 PM ^^This should have been posted in the "Renewable Energy | Energía Renovable" thread.
PREC April 29th, 2011, 09:52 PM ^^This should have been posted in the "Renewable Energy | Energía Renovable" thread.
Oh, well... the event is about energy, energy-grid-distribution at all, no only about renewable energy...
Please some moderator move this thread where you guys suggest...
Thanks/Gracias
John
PREC May 6th, 2011, 06:11 PM link >>> http://www.ciemades.org/live (http://www.ciemades.org/conf_11/live_conf.html)
Jaykar May 10th, 2011, 07:01 PM Evalúan traer energía de St. Kitts y Nevis (http://www.elnuevodia.com/evaluantraerenergiadest.kittsynevis-962015.html)
Cable enviaría energía
Rebecca Banuchi / rebecca.banuchi@elnuevodia.com
Puerto Rico podría recibir energía geotermal procedente de las islas de Saint Kitts y Nevis, como parte de un plan impulsado por el Gobierno federal que posicionaría a la Isla como eje en el desarrollo de proyectos de energía renovable.
La interconexión con las vecinas islas caribeñas formaría parte del propuesto desarrollo de una red submarina que conectaría a los países de la región mediante cables y permitiría la transmisión de energía.
La posibilidad de llegar a un acuerdo con Saint Kitts y Nevis está todavía en una etapa “preliminar”, según el secretario de Estado, Kenneth McClintock, que señaló que ya han mantenido conversaciones con el Gobierno de ese país a nivel estatal, al igual que lo han hecho el Departamento de Energía y el Departamento de Estado federal.
Sin embargo, la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA) se apresta a comenzar un estudio sobre la viabilidad del proyecto.
“Nuestra organización estudiará el potencial de interconexión entre Saint Kitts y Puerto Rico”, confirmó a El Nuevo Día Mark Lambrides, director de la División de Energía y Cambio Climático de la OEA, quien estuvo de visita en Puerto Rico la semana pasada.
Lambrides precisó que el análisis buscará establecer la viabilidad técnica, económica y física de la propuesta, que está incluida en el informe del grupo interagencial de la Casa Blanca sobre Puerto Rico en lo que respecta a las áreas con mayor potencial de desarrollo económico para la Isla.
Actualmente, se desarrollan paralelamente estudios similares sobre la posibilidad de establecer sistemas de transmisión energética entre la zona este de Puerto Rico y las Islas Vírgenes estadounidenses, y la región oeste con la República Dominicana.
El análisis sobre la conexión entre Puerto Rico y las Islas Vírgenes se encuentra en una fase más adelantada, y está a cargo de la compañía Siemens, sufragado con fondos federales, mientras que el de República Dominicana será financiado por el gobierno español y ejecutado por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
McClintock apuesta al potencial de los tres proyectos. “Nosotros entendemos que todos son viables porque ya se han hecho evaluaciones preliminares”, manifestó.
legalalien May 11th, 2011, 03:56 PM no way! Yo no sabia de esto. Que utopico.
Jaykar May 12th, 2011, 08:28 AM World Bank to study PR-DR power link (http://caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=57160&ct_id=1&ct_name=1)
By : JOHN MARINO
marino@caribbeanbusinesspr.com
Puerto Rico Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock will meet with a World Bank delegation this week that will begin analyzing the feasibility of building a submarine power connection between the island and the neighboring Dominican Republic.
McClintock said that the government of Spain has made available funds that will allow the World Bank to conduct a pre-feasibility study on the potential for the interconnection between the electrical grids of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. The delegation, led by Philippe Benoit, energy sector manager at the World Bank’s Sustainable Development Department for the Latin America and the Caribbean Region, will lay the groundwork for the study.
During 2010, the governments of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico began discussing the potential for interconnecting the electric power grids. Last October, President Leonel Fernández and Gov. Luis Fortuño agreed to create a joint working group to study and oversee all aspects of a possible interconnection project, with the first step being assisting the World Bank in conducting a study, McClintock said.
McClintock and other backers believe the project, along with a more advanced plan to build an undersea power cable between Puerto Rico and the neighboring U.S. Virgin Islands, can be the start of Caribbean energy grid which would connect most major islands to each others’ power systems.
“A regional electric grid would create a large-scale transnational electricity market in which Caribbean countries could trade renewable energy rather than oil,” said McClintock, speaking at the two-day conference “The Electrical Interconnection of the Caribbean,” that took place at Turabo University. “And certainly, cheaper electricity will facilitate investment, competitiveness and job creation that can reduce poverty and social inequalities.”
With Caribbean nations overly dependent on imported oil for power generation, the region has some of the highest electricity prices in the world, and the recent spike in oil prices have driven prices as high as 40 cents per kilowatt hour, about four times the average price in the states.
The interconnection projects would allow the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (Prepa) to sell its excess power to neighboring islands, which have even higher electricity costs than Puerto Rico. It would also free small islands to develop green and intermittent power sources and feed this energy into the regional grid.
Cost is a big factor for the projects. While international funding may be tapped for the D.R.-P.R. project, the plan to connect Puerto Rico to the U.S. Virgin Islands would require federal funding.
“We should continue to pursue bilateral and/or subregional interconnections that are technically viable and make sense economically —and this is already happening with the Dominican Republic and the U.S. Virgin Islands,” McClintock said.
Jaykar May 12th, 2011, 08:33 AM Study expected to champion P.R.-USVI power cable project (http://caribbeanbusinesspr.com/cb_content/news02.php?nw_id=5290&ct_id=40)
By : JOHN MARINO
marino@caribbeanbusinesspr.com
Edition: May 12, 2011 | Volume: 39 | No: 18
Despite funding challenges, project will provide opportunities for both territories
A feasibility study on a proposed submarine power connection between Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands will show the project is viable and offers important opportunities for both territories, Delegate Donna Christensen (D-USVI) told CARIBBEAN BUSINESS.
The veteran member of Congress, who was instrumental in winning the $500,000 appropriation for the study, acknowledged that getting the federal funding necessary to make the project viable would be difficult in the current climate in Washington, D.C., but said the project was too important to be delayed by these challenges.
"My constituents are literally crying out for relief. They are paying 40¢ per kilowatt-hour," Christensen said of the cost of power in the USVI.
That's nearly twice the 21¢ rate that is the average in Puerto Rico, and four times the average rate across the U.S. mainland.
The study, which will be wrapped up by June, is being undertaken by Inter American Energy Sources, a Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (Prepa) subsidiary established to develop the submarine cable.
While the project has strong support from the administration of President Barack Obama, since the Republicans won control of the House last November, Congress is more interested in funding offshore oil drilling and nuclear power than any other energy projects, Christensen said.
"The results of the election really changed the landscape. Funds for anything else besides 'drill, baby, drill' are really hard to come by," Christensen said. "However, we are fortunate to have a president who has gotten involved. There is no better time than the present to pursue this."
Christensen said one promising funding source is rural electrification-project programs under the U.S. departments of the Interior and Agriculture. Because of the submarine cable's estimated $70 million to $90 million cost, federal funds are needed to get the project off the ground.
The cable project would deliver electricity to the USVI at substantially reduced rates. They would be slightly higher than the cost of power sold in Puerto Rico since the cost of transportation also would be factored in.
The project would allow Prepa to increase its customer base, boost revenue and work to pay down the substantial debt on its power facilities.
Extending Prepa's baseline power source to the USVI would allow the neighboring territory to develop renewable, intermittent energy sources, such as wind and solar, rather than baseline systems, which are fossil-fuel-based. This fits in with the energy goals of the Obama administration, which wants to boost the use of renewable sources of energy, as well as natural gas, to combat climate change and cut dependence of the U.S. and the Caribbean region on costly imported oil.
Proponents see the cable project between the two territories as the start of a wider submarine energy grid connecting Caribbean nations to help them deal with their high power costs and reliance on imported oil for power generation.
Jaykar May 20th, 2011, 06:09 AM Caribbean power
By : JOHN MARINO
marino@caribbeanbusinesspr.com
Edition: May 19, 2011 | Volume: 39 | No: 19
Regional energy interconnectivity suddenly emerges as a promising renewable source of electricity for P.R. and for the export of local power to regionConnecting Puerto Rico by a 250- mile submarine cable to the tiny island of Nevis to bring cheap, clean geothermal power here might seem like a far-fetched idea, but one of its chief architects put the estimated cost of laying the cable at $575 million and said the project could be under construction within two to three years.
Tapping into the Eastern Caribbean's geothermal potential (which a recent U.S. Department of Energy study put at 10,000 megawatts [MW]—roughly the consumption of the entire region) is just one of the dreams held by proponents of a Caribbean-wide power grid, which would connect the tiny island nations of the region via submarine connections, and eventually extend to include Latin American neighbors.
It also could bolster Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (Prepa) revenue by winning it new customers offshore for its excess capacity, while providing the island with a leadership role in a Pan-Caribbean energy market.
The plan would also bring down power costs for residents and businesses across the region that in many places are nearly double Puerto Rico's sky-high electricity rates, which are twice the U.S. average, and could ultimately allow the region to tap into South America's huge reserve of hydropower, perhaps the greatest bounty of cheap, clean energy on the planet.
While the successful completion of a regional power grid still faces a daunting tangle of technical, legal and political hurdles, proponents insist the idea is no whimsical dream, but both a medium- and long-term plan to overcome the region's dire energy situation. Concrete steps are already underway, they affirm.
The overall aim might still be a plan to bring Colombia's hydropower to the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, along with similar transfers, but the unfolding development scenario focuses on short power connections between neighbors that would carry big benefits for participants, and Puerto Rico plays a central role in the three most advanced projects.
"We should not sit idle waiting for the ring," Puerto Rico Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock told proponents from across the region last week during the two-day conference "The Electrical Interconnection of the Caribbean" held at Universidad del Turabo. "A Caribbean Basin energy market can begin with a single interconnection. We should continue to pursue bilateral and/or subregional interconnections that are technically viable and make sense economically— and this is already happening with the Dominican Republic and the U.S. Virgin Islands."
ADVANCED PROJECT
The most advanced project is the plan to connect Puerto Rico with the neighboring USVI by submarine cable, which was estimated to cost as much as $90 million by USVI Water & Power Authority (USVI-WAPA) officials last year.
http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/fotos/energy1_5-19-11.jpg
A feasibility study is being carried out by Siemens AG for Inter American Energy Sources, a Prepa subsidiary created to sell its excess power to offshore clients, and is scheduled to wrap up next month.
It is expected to recommend one cable from Fajardo to St. Thomas, and a second connecting Naguabo and St. Croix. McClintock said Prepa and USVI-WAPA are about to sign a letter of intent that will set the project in motion.
Meanwhile, World Bank officials met last week with McClintock regarding plans for a feasibility study to connect Puerto Rico's electric-power grid to the neighboring Dominican Republic, and Spain's government has pledged seed money to undertake an initial analysis of the project.
Last month, World Bank officials visited St. Kitts and Nevis and backed plans to pursue a submarine power cable from the Eastern Caribbean to Puerto Rico.
The Organization of American States will undertake a feasibility study on the plan to interconnect St. Kitts and Nevis with Puerto Rico.
Kerry McDonald, CEO of West Indies Power, the private firm specializing in the development of geothermal energy in the Caribbean, said that while the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis has thermal potential of 300 MW, the tiny nation's demand is just 40 MW.
Transporting the geothermal power via submarine cables to Puerto Rico and other markets is essential to fully developing its potential.
"The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis is the smallest country in the Americas, but we believe we will have some of the biggest power production in the Caribbean," McDonald said, adding that a plant producing nearly 10 MW should be on line by the end of next year, followed by a 50-MW plant in 2013.
The idea of Caribbean power interconnection isn't new. Economist Elías Gutiérrez first suggested a D.R.-P.R. connection back in 1986 to then-Gov. Rafael Hernández Colón, but said Prepa rejected it over "short circuit" concerns, and Prepa officials began discussing the three projects currently being studied under the administration of former Gov. Aníbal Acevedo Vilá.
However, the move toward Caribbean connectivity was bolstered by President's Barack Obama's call in April 2009 for an "Energy and Climate Partnership for the Americas", as well as the Puerto Rico government's backing of the idea later that year during the Miami Conference organized by Caribbean Central American Action.
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton also has enthusiastically endorsed the plan, as did a recent White House task force.
Perhaps the most exciting aspect of a Caribbean power grid is that it would grow from Puerto Rico's east and west coasts.
"Both Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are at the crossroads of the Americas," said Donna Christensen, USVI's delegate to Congress and a major proponent of Caribbean interconnectivity. "This project will provide a very powerful magnet for great regional cooperation. It will show that while we are small, we are open and ready for business."
http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/cb_content/news02.php?nw_id=5328&ct_id=40
...
prince draco May 20th, 2011, 07:45 PM en hora buena...esta energia es mas barata y nos ayudaria tremendamente a nosotros que somos el pais mas industrializado de la region antillana.
forget via verde and lets go with this :)
Jaykar June 24th, 2011, 01:52 AM Interesa a Hillary Clinton la conexión eléctrica caribeña (http://www.elnuevodia.com/interesaahillaryclintonlaconexionelectricacaribena-999431.html)
Reafirmó el interés en conectar a Puerto Rico, República Dominicana y las Islas Vírgenes
Por El Nuevo Día
WASHINGTON - En su visita de esta semana a Jamaica, la secretaria de Estado de Estados Unidos, Hillary Clinton, habló sobre los planes de establecer una red eléctrica entre países del Caribe, como Puerto Rico, República Dominicana, San Cristóbal y Nevis, y las Islas Vírgenes.
Clinton recordó que como parte de un proyecto de la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA), se persigue conectar por cables submarinos a San Cristóbal y Nevis con Puerto Rico.
Bajo ese plan, San Cristóbal y Nevis pudiera exportar energía renovable limpia a Puerto Rico, indicó el Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos.
También aludió a los planes de conectar el sistema eléctrico de Puerto Rico a los de la República Dominicana y las Islas Vírgenes estadounidenses.
Según el secretario de Estado de Puerto Rico, Kenneth McClintock, el Departamento de Energía federal apoya que se cree un anillo energético que salga de la Isla Grande de Puerto Rico hacia Culebra, luego a San Thomas, Santa Cruz, Vieques y entonces regrese a la Isla Grande.
Clinton estuvo el miércoles en Jamaica, según el Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos.
yosoyelrey June 24th, 2011, 08:29 AM Esto es muy necesario para las islas virgenes pues dicen que la luz la cortan a diario para poder cumplir con la demanda.
Bori427 June 24th, 2011, 04:23 PM Nunca habia escuchado de eso yosoyelrey, lo que si se es que alla es aun mas cara que en PR.
davsot June 24th, 2011, 10:02 PM Mi tía vive allí y yo la he visitado. Nunca me ha dicho de esto. Inclusive ella vive muy apartada del pueblo.
Ultramatic June 24th, 2011, 10:13 PM Quizás sea paranoia mia, pero me incómoda que Puerto Rico pueda llegar a depender de energía extranjera.
prince draco June 24th, 2011, 11:01 PM Quizás sea paranoia mia, pero me incómoda que Puerto Rico pueda llegar a depender de energía extranjera.
yo solo apoyo esto si es para que nosotros exportemos energia no para depender de otros. me preocupa si el cable de energia para RD baja los costos de su electricidad gracias a PR ¿Eso no seria contraproducente para nuestro sector industrial?
davsot June 25th, 2011, 02:11 AM En mi pensamiento personal, respondiendo a los comentarios, también me parece injusto que en Puerto Rico construyan la capacidad para exportar energía a estas Islas, y que nosotros recibamos la mayoría del costo ambiental.
Tampoco me parece bien que estas Islas estén sobrepobladas y que "necesiten" más energía y agua. Si en verdad la quieren, deberían mejorar sus conceptos de urbanismo y transportación antes de pedir ayuda. Es como echarle gasolina a un carro con millaje pésimo. Por más gasolina que le eches no va a corregir el problema.
Jaykar June 25th, 2011, 04:28 AM La idea de todo esto es abaratar los costos energeticos en la region del Caribe, dado a que muchas de esas islas poseen electricidad utilizando recursos renovables, otros tendrian estabilidad en sus sistemas electricos como seria el caso de nuestro vecino RD y otros se beneficiarian economicamente allegando ingresos adicionales a sus arcas como es el caso de Puerto Rico.
Razones hay de mas como para que haya despertado el interes federal y el interes de la OEA, entre otras entidades gubernamentales de indole internacional.
Saavedra_LuisR June 25th, 2011, 11:45 PM No creen que esto nos subirá los costos? Bueno según los grandiosos economistas al haber mas demanda, va a ver mas incentivo para el supply pero de verdad creen que nosotros vamos a producir más? Bueno vamos a ver con todos estos proyectos de energía renovable.
prince draco June 26th, 2011, 12:53 AM si hacen el marshall system para la energia de la isla y utilizan a infraestructura de AEE para exportar no me molesta
luisr June 26th, 2011, 02:07 AM Nosotros ahora mismo tenemos exceso de capacidad. Si parte de ese exceso lo podemos usar para venderle energía a nuestros vecinos pues es positivo porque debería abaratar nuestro costo de energía.
yosoyelrey June 26th, 2011, 06:13 AM Nunca habia escuchado de eso yosoyelrey, lo que si se es que alla es aun mas cara que en PR.
Te lo vendo como me lo vendieron unas compañeras de trabajo que son originales de las Islas Virgenes. :)
Jaykar June 29th, 2011, 04:29 AM Mayo 2011
¿Una red eléctrica del Caribe? (http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-%C2%BFunaredelectricadelcaribe?-963988.html)
EFRAÍN O'NEILL CARRILLO
U na conferencia organizada por CIEMADeS.org y la Universidad del Turabo presentó la interconexión con cables submarinos de las Antillas Mayores y Menores, y en el futuro conexiones con el continente.
El informe de Casa Blanca hace mención de la interconexión de Puerto Rico con Islas Vírgenes, que sería un paso para adelantar la interconexión con otras islas.
Existen posibles ventajas de una conexión múltiple caribeña al crearse (como existe en otros lugares) una red eléctrica internacional que, si se maneja adecuadamente, pudiera fortalecer los sistemas eléctricos locales en las Antillas, apoyar un mayor uso de energía renovable y crear una comunidad energética colaborativa y sostenible en el Caribe.
Es importante tener claros los retos, responsabilidades y limitaciones de una interconexión eléctrica regional.
¿Cómo asegurar que el beneficio social de la interconexión permanezca en el Caribe? Un exregulador de Florida, contestó que el foco debía ser lograr una interconexión eficiente. “Si es más barato generar energía en Puerto Rico, ¿por qué no tener las plantas aquí y transmitir fuera de Puerto Rico?,” dijo esta persona.
Esta visión tecnocrática domina el tema energético, y no nos ha llevado a prácticas y tecnologías sostenibles. No podemos solucionar los problemas de hoy con el mismo pensamiento que creó esos problemas (Einstein). La mejor tecnología fracasará o hará daño neto si no cumple un bien social claro y consensuado.
Ante la incertidumbre que domina los asuntos energéticos, es más sensato incluir en las discusiones diversas perspectivas que aporten y aseguren una participación amplia y que el fin social quede claro. El momento ideal para discutir esta interconexión es en esta etapa de planificación y conceptualización, no cuando los permisos estén por otorgarse o la obra a punto de comenzar. Es hora de crear conjuntamente un nuevo futuro energético. Y en ese camino tener el diálogo abierto y flujo de información transparente esencial para comenzar a reducir la desconfianza entre sectores.
Esta propuesta debe ser una cooperación caribeña camino a la sostenibilidad regional y no un nuevo esquema para que unos pocos logren beneficios locales o personales.
Los asuntos políticos, legales, financieros y sociales no deben subestimarse. Por ejemplo, el cable de Puerto Rico a Santa Cruz cuesta cerca de $200 millones, sin incluir permisos, instalación, construcción, operación, mantenimiento y los famosos cambios de orden.
Algunos hablan de los beneficios económicos de un mercado eléctrico en el Caribe. A una Europa occidental interconectada le tomó 15 años establecer su mercado eléctrico internacional, y ellos ya tenían instituciones y regulaciones estables.
Bajo la noble meta de lograr un Caribe sostenible y menos dependiente del petróleo, hay ofertas que prometen el cielo. Pero no olvidemos que el camino al infierno está empedrado de buenas intenciones. “Nosotros lo hicimos y queremos ayudar”, dicen unos; otros, abiertamente hablan de hacer el mejor negocio posible. El Caribe tiene que estar alerta, recordar nuestra historia, para no pasar de la dependencia e inestabilidad del petróleo de Oriente Medio a un coloniaje energético dominado por unos pocos.
Sin embargo, no despachemos una idea que puede tener méritos. No es el momento de polarizar esta discusión o de impedir que la información siga saliendo al público. Puerto Rico merece tener una discusión racional, seria, inclusiva y transparente de las opciones energéticas que tenemos, discusión inexistente en nuestra historia.
Jaykar June 29th, 2011, 04:32 AM The Caribbean Energy Grid, a win-win project (http://ciemades.org/pdfs/conf11/may6/The-Caribbean-Energy%20-Grid_K_McClintock2.pdf)
By: Kenneth McCklintock
Puerto Rico's Secretary of State
Jaykar September 8th, 2011, 02:37 PM Study: PR-VI-Nevis power link doable (http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=61415&ct_id=1)
By : KEVIN MEAD
kevin@caribbeanbusinesspr.com
A proposed submarine power cable linking Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Nevis is doable, according to a newly completed feasibility study by Siemens AG.
The study by the German-based multinational was commissioned by Inter American Energy Sources, a Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority-subsidiary created to sell the island government utility’s excess power to offshore clients.
“We’re excited,” Puerto Rico Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock told CARIBBEAN BUSINESS. “First, the study makes it very clear that this is totally feasible from a technical standpoint.”
Siemens recommended one cable from Fajardo to St. Thomas, and a second connecting Yabucoa to St. Croix and then on to Nevis, a geothermal hotbed.
The circular underwater power grid would allow petroleum-reliant Puerto Rico and the USVI to tap cheaper geothermal energy from Nevis, which is part of a federation with sister island St. Kitts.
A recent U.S. Department of Energy study put the Eastern Caribbean’s geothermal potential at 10,000 MW — roughly the consumption of the entire region.
Nevis could generate a surplus of energy enough to siphon off 400 megawatts (MW) to Puerto Rico and another 100 MW to the USVI.
“So Puerto Rico could drop 400 MW of oil-based power production,” said McClintock, noting that represents about 10 percent of island demand and a 10 percent increase in renewable sources for electricity output in Puerto Rico.
With the feasibility of the undersea cable set, the attention now turns to the issue of financing, with various potential funding avenues being eyed, according to McClintock.
The Council of State Governments has approved a resolution asking the federal government to a devote a portion of excise taxes from the giant Hovensa refinery in St. Croix to pay for electric interconnection between Puerto Rico and the USVI.
The Puerto Rico-USVI submarine cable link was estimated to cost as much as $90 million by USVI Water & Power Authority (USVI-WAPA) officials last year.
That connection alone would help the USVI lower its sky-high electricity rates from 30 cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) to 20 cents per kWh and allow the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (Prepa) to sell 100 MW to 200 MW of excess capacity.
That would give Prepa new revenue and lower local power bills.
“It’s win-win,” McClintock said.
Another potential financing option is low interest U.S. Department of Agriculture rural development loans for at least part of the capital. The entire USVI is classified as a rural development zone by the federal agency.
Funding cleared for study of PR-DR link
Proponents of a Caribbean-wide power grid envision linking the tiny island nations of the region via submarine connections, and eventually extending the system to include Latin American neighbors.
The Spanish government has released seed money for the World Bank to undertake an initial analysis of a proposal to connect Puerto Rico’s electric-power grid to the neighboring Dominican Republic.
The pre-feasibility study of the Cabo Rojo-Dominican Republic link will look at technical aspects, with financial considerations to be eyed later, McClintock said.
The overall aim might still be a plan to bring Colombia’s hydropower to the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, along with similar transfers, but the unfolding development scenario focuses on short power connections between neighbors that would carry big benefits for participants, and Puerto Rico plays a central role in the three most advanced projects.
While the successful completion of a regional power grid still faces a daunting tangle of technical, legal and political hurdles, proponents insist the idea is no whimsical dream, but both a medium- and long-term plan to overcome the region's dire energy situation. Concrete steps are already underway, they affirm.
“Little by little this is picking up steam,” McClintock said.
Jaykar June 7th, 2012, 08:00 AM Fortuño pushing for Puerto Rico to become energy leader (http://caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/news02.php?nw_id=7149&ct_id=40)
By : JOHN MARINO
marino@caribbeanbusinesspr.com
Edition: June 7, 2012 | Volume: 40 | No: 22
Energy diversification to be followed by submarine power connections
The administration of Gov. Luis Fortuño aims to turn Puerto Rico into the energy production and distribution leader in the Caribbean, a move that would spur economic development at home and increase regional competitiveness, the governor told CARIBBEAN BUSINESS in an exclusive interview.
Calling energy the "greatest challenge" for both Puerto Rico and the U.S. as a whole, Fortuño said Puerto Rico's 70% reliance on oil-fired power production has not only made the cost of energy exorbitantly high, but is also sapping the "innovation and creativity" inherent in the free-market way of doing business.
"It's our goal to be a leader in energy distribution and production, but we have to finish what we have commenced here in the sense of truly diversifying our sources of energy," he said. "That means natural gas, resource recovery from solid waste, wind and solar."
Energy industry sources concur that Puerto Rico's energy consumption, by far the largest in the Caribbean, gives it the potential to make it a natural leader in the field. For example, the size of the energy market here makes Puerto Rico one of the few places in the Caribbean that can afford to invest in the necessary infrastructure to import natural gas.
Fortuño said the move could help both Puerto Rico and its neighbors.
"Islands, as opposed to continents, have serious challenges regarding energy," Fortuño said. "Puerto Rico is no exception to that rule, and our neighbors face the same kinds of challenges we face."
The governor said the key to this transformation will be a submarine energy grid that would allow Puerto Rico to sell energy produced locally to its neighbors, which are struggling with even higher energy prices than Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have already mapped out an agreement for the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (Prepa) to sell its power to the USVI Water & Power Authority, and preliminary studies are underway for a submarine electric connection, according to Fortuño.
An initial viability study by Siemens supported the case for building a submarine power cable linking Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Nevis. The study by the German- based multinational was commissioned by Inter American Energy Sources, a Prepa subsidiary created to sell the local government utility's excess power to offshore clients.
Siemens recommended one cable from Fajardo to St. Thomas, and a second connecting Yabucoa to St. Croix and then on to Nevis, a geothermal hotbed.
The initial connection would allow Prepa to sell excess capacity to the USVI, giving the Puerto Rico government utility new revenue, and lower local power bills.
The second line would allow petroleum-reliant Puerto Rico and the USVI to tap cheaper geothermal energy from Nevis, which is part of a federation with sister island St. Kitts.
Last month, Fortuño teamed up with USVI Gov. John P. de Jongh Jr. to press the White House for $3 million in additional funding needed for environmental studies to take the project to the next level.
The project "furthers the national interest, promotes important foreign policy objectives, and dovetails with many major policy initiatives of the [President] Obama Administration," the governors wrote to David Agnew, director of the White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs. "It will further the creation of jobs through infrastructure development, provide a stable platform for the use of renewable-energy resources at a larger scale, and become a showcase for the promise of regional interconnection."
Both Energy Secretary Steven Chu and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed support for a submarine Caribbean energy grid during the Energy & Climate Ministerial of the Americas in April 2010, and the White House Task Force championed the project in its wide-ranging report on Puerto Rico's political status and economy last year.
The governor also said he has discussed another submarine cable with President Leonel Fernández to link Puerto Rico to its western neighbor the Dominican Republic.
Last year, the Spanish government released seed money for the World Bank to undertake an initial analysis of a proposal to connect Puerto Rico's electric-power grid to the neighboring Dominican Republic. The prefeasibility study of the Cabo Rojo-Dominican Republic link will look at technical aspects, with financial considerations to be taken up later.
"We are taking our desire to the next level. We are advancing in terms of feasibility studies for the U.S. Virgin Islands interconnection, and we are already looking in the other direction," Fortuño said.
Jaykar October 11th, 2012, 11:01 PM Master plan needed for Caribbean energy interconnection (http://caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/master-plan-needed-for-caribbean-energy-interconnection-7668.html)
By : JOHN MARINO
marino@caribbeanbusinesspr.com; cbprdigital@gmail.com
Edition: October 11, 2012 | Volume: 40 | No: 40
Seminar focuses on importance of standards for long-term submarine powerline project
To attain the dream of Caribbean energy interconnection, a unified master plan needs to be created now.
That will be the central message of the upcoming seminar by CARITrans Management LLC, a Virginia-based firm that has been aiming to get a Caribbean electric grid off the ground for the past decade.
The invitation-only seminar is aimed at key energy industry and government officials, who will be in town next week for the Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum, which takes place Oct. 15-17 at the San Juan Ritz-Carlton Hotel in the Isla Verde section of Carolina. The morning seminar, presentation and roundtable discussion will be held Oct. 18 at the hotel.
Over the past 10 years, CARITrans has been exclusively devoted to developing a Caribbean electrical energy grid to establish a regional energy market that can act as a catalyst for socioeconomic development. By electrically interconnecting the islands in the region, an energy system can be created that will allow each island to fully develop its local renewable-energy resources beyond its own consumption needs, and export that energy in a manner that benefits regional consumers.
An interdependent energy market will fuel economic growth, and backers of the idea believe the Caribbean grid should start with smaller connections and be built up over time to encompass the entire Caribbean.
"Everybody agrees Puerto Rico is the natural hub," said CARITrans Principal Jane Lee García. "The start will be connecting Puerto Rico to the U.S. Virgin Islands and then moving beyond."
Lee García and her husband, former U.S. Rep. Robert García, first explored the idea of Caribbean energy interconnection as part of regional economic development efforts involving the former twin plant operation under the Section 936 program.
She said CARITrans President John Thompson has also long dreamed of a submarine electric grid in the Caribbean, and has the technical knowledge to turn that vision into reality.
"The company's big focus now is to ensure connections between countries are done correctly so we can develop them into a submarine Caribbean ring," she added.
Lee García said the company provided input on the feasibility study to create an interconnection between Puerto Rico and the neighboring USVI, ensuring the plan was robust enough so the planned cables could service part of a future submarine grid.
She said the idea of U.S. to U.S. cable was also important to show other Caribbean leaders the feasibility of the project.
Eventually, the project would tap the significant hydro-power and geo-power resources of Colombia and Costa Rica and inject them into the Caribbean grid. Lee García said the project was focused primarily on making the use of renewable energy more viable for the scattered islands in the Caribbean region.
CARITrans officials call the Caribbean's dependence on imported fossil fuel the biggest obstacle to economic development of the region. High energy costs increase the cost of living and hinder efforts to attract outside manufacturing and other investment.
"Without creating an environment that significantly attracts necessary investment, all other efforts to transform the regional market to a higher-paying and more educated workforce will only be incremental," she added.
Puerto Rico and the USVI have already mapped out an agreement for the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (Prepa) to sell its power to the USVI Water & Power Authority.
An initial viability study by Siemens supported the case for building a submarine power cable linking Puerto Rico, the USVI and Nevis. The study by the German-based multinational was commissioned by Inter American Energy Sources, a Prepa subsidiary created to sell the local government utility's excess power to offshore clients.
Earlier this year, Gov. Luis Fortuño and USVI Gov. John P. de Jongh Jr. pressed the White House for $3 million in additional funding needed for environmental studies to take the project to the next level.
The White House Task Force championed the project in its wide-ranging report on Puerto Rico's political status and economy last year.
DarkGold November 14th, 2012, 10:16 PM PR-USVI power cable plan gains ground (http://caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/pr-usvi-power-cable-plan-gains-ground-78542.html)
Issued : Wednesday, November 14, 2012 08:05 AM
By : CB Online Staff
cbnews@caribbeanbusinesspr.com; cb.pr@gmail.com
A proposal to connect the U.S. Virgin Islands to Puerto Rico’s power grid is moving forward with a decision to undertake an environmental impact study on the undersea link.
The USVI Water & Power Authority (WAPA) has issued a request for proposals seeking a consultant to gauge the environmental impact of a proposed power transmission cable, the Virgin Islands Daily News reported Wednesday.
The 50-mile cable would connect a power plant on St. Thomas to the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority’s (Prepa) substation in Fajardo. Puerto Rico and the USVI have already mapped out an agreement for the Prepa to sell its power to WAPA. Both utilities are government-run.
An initial viability study by Siemens supported the case for building a submarine power cable linking Puerto Rico, the USVI and Nevis. The study by the German-based multinational was commissioned by Inter American Energy Sources, a Prepa subsidiary created to sell the local government utility’s excess power to offshore clients.
Earlier this year, Gov. Luis Fortuño and USVI Gov. John P. de Jongh Jr. pressed the White House for $3 million in additional funding needed for environmental studies to take the project to the next level.
The White House Task Force championed the project in its wide-ranging report on Puerto Rico’s political status and economy last year.
Once all the studies have been complete, financing is secured and permits are in place, the project could be done within a year.
Proposals for the environmental impact study are due by Dec. 13. For more information go online to www.viwapa.vi.
Bori427 January 14th, 2013, 01:45 AM Avanza la opción de bajar la luz mediante conectarnos con el Caribe
Por: Centro de Periodismo Investigativo
Publicado: 11/01/2013 12:00 pm
La idea de conectar las islas caribeñas mediante cables submarinos para crear una gran red que permita complementar los sistemas energéticos se está transformando de ser una quimera a iniciativas concretas que peritos del Banco Mundial ven viables; el gobierno de Barack Obama los impulsa y las Islas Vírgenes Estadounidenses la está encaminando contando con Puerto Rico.
La autoridad de energía y acueductos de las Islas Vírgenes recién acaba de cerrar el término para recibir propuestas en diciembre para la evaluación de impacto ambiental para el proyecto de interconexión con el este de Puerto Rico, que forma parte del plan de acción de producción de energía de dicha utilidad.
La V.I. Water and Power Authority (VIWAPA por sus siglas en inglés) hizo públicos los documentos de descripción del propuesto cable de 50 millas de transmisión de electricidad y telecomunicaciones entre una subestación de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica (AEE) en Fajardo y la planta de Harley en St. Thomas. Otra posible interconexión sería entre el poblado de Frederiksted, en Santa Cruz, y la subestación de Yabucoa, una distancia más larga de 80 millas, pero a una profundidad de 340 pies, que sería la mayor de cualquier otro cable submarino existente en el mundo, haciéndola más costosa y requerirá más estudios.
....
http://www.noticel.com/noticia/135795/avanza-la-opcion-de-bajar-la-luz-mediante-conectarnos-con-el-caribe.html
Jaykar March 21st, 2013, 06:09 AM CARITrans aims to start Caribbean power grid in Puerto Rico (http://caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/caritrans-aims-to-start-caribbean-power-grid-in-puerto-rico-8283.html)
By : JOHN MARINO
marino@caribbeanbusiness.pr; cbprdigital@gmail.com
Edition: March 21, 2013 | Volume: 41 | No: 10
Company pushing for ISO, private sector involvement in ambitious interconnection project
http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/fotos/newfotos/special3_3-21-13.jpg
It may sound like something out of the movie "Star Wars," or the classic Jules Verne novel "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea," but the dream of a submarine power grid connecting the Caribbean islands is at hand, and Puerto Rico is perfectly poised to play a leadership role in its development and operation.
Best of all, as the place where it all begins, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) would be the first in the region to feel the beneficial effects of interconnection, which is expected to lower electricity rates and improve reliability, as well as spur economic development, according to proponents.
Such a project isn't just feasible, but the technology to pull it off is already mature and has been proven in several big submarine power systems in both the U.S. and Europe. The project offers real immediate benefits at home in Puerto Rico and for our closest neighbors, first the USVI and then the Dominican Republic (D.R.), and private sector expertise and capital are ready to turn the dream into reality.
The only thing missing is the political will to get the project off the ground, proponents said.
"Puerto Rico should be the hub of the Caribbean power grid. It will be a big shame if it is left behind," said Jane Lee García, principal at CARITrans Management LLC, a Virginia- based firm that has been aiming to get a Caribbean electric grid off the ground for more than a decade. "Puerto Rico can be the leader of the Caribbean and it will be valuable to the other 50 states if it becomes the hub of this transmission system."
CARITrans officials have been through "10 different directors at the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority [Prepa]" in more than a decade of pushing their dream. "We could have been talking about Star Wars. They didn't get it," Lee García said.
Yet she acknowledged that officials here finally appear to be warming up to the project, with the Puerto Rico and USVI public power utilities reaching an accord to pursue the idea and undertaking studies towards its development.
However, CARITrans officials said the private sector needs to play a big role in the submarine grid's development as the surest way to get the project off the ground. They are also sounding the alarm about the need to build the system "right." While proponents envision developing the system slowly over time, they say it is important that each segment uses the same technology so a single submarine electric grid can be developed.
"The first piece of this greater vision is from Puerto Rico to the USVI," said CARITrans CEO John Tompkins, an originator of the Caribbean power grid idea and a renowned expert in the technical world of submarine power systems.
The project would be within U.S. jurisdiction, providing for a high level of physical, regulatory and financial security, and it could serve as a demonstration model for other Caribbean islands to emulate. Moreover, the plan promises to win new customers for Prepa and bring down electricity rates in the USVI, which pays as much as 40¢ per kilowatt hour, even more than Puerto Rico's sky-high rates.
Lee García and her husband, former U.S. Rep. Robert García, first explored the idea of a Caribbean energy interconnection as part of regional economic development efforts involving the former twin plant operation between Puerto Rico and the D.R. under the defunct Section 936 economic incentive program.
Tompkins said he was attracted to the idea because of the Caribbean's great potential for clean wind and solar power, coupled with current high electricity costs and reliance on dirty oil-fired electricity on many islands. A transmission system is essential to making renewable power reliable and cost-effective since it is intermittent and can't currently be stored.
The Caribbean grid would eventually bring cheap thermal power from the eastern Caribbean to Puerto Rico, as well as deliver clean hydropower from Colombia to many of the Caribbean's small island nations. It could also leverage Puerto Rico's developed power infrastructure to provide baseline power to neighboring islands, win brand-new customers for Prepa and provide additional tools for the islands to develop local, renewable energy projects.
Tompkins said the project is "earthquake proof, hurricane proof and terrorist proof," because the submarine cable would be moored to the seafloor. Moreover, problems with the cable, which will also carry telecommunications fiber optic cable for high-speed data connections between the islands, can be identified immediately within 15 feet for quick repairs.
Finally, cutting-edge directional drilling enables the project to be developed without harming the environment.
"Coral reefs are delicate and they have suffered a lot from pollution and global warming. We are avoiding coral reefs as much as possible and will directionally drill underneath them to avoid harm when we have to," added John Dodson, another CARITrans principal, with ample experience in power systems and military engineering.
Moreover, the submarine power systems have been proven effective and reliable throughout the world. They have been shown to lose just 1% of the energy they carry every 400-to-500 miles. One system in operation for 20 years runs from Radisson, Quebec on the Arctic Circle all the way down near Boston.
Tompkins played key roles in several North American projects, including the Neptune project, which runs from New Jersey offshore along the coast of Long Island. Through his firm Boundless Energy, he is also bidding on projects to interconnect the Hawaiian islands and separate power systems in New York.
"John Tompkins is the recognized go-to developer in North America. The four large projects he worked on have come on time and on budget, and they are profitable operations as well, which helps us get financing," Dodson said.
THE RIGHT WAY
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DarkGold March 21st, 2013, 04:08 PM Hay que hacer esto. Cuanta energía malgasta la AEE por producción en exceso.
Lucario Boricua March 22nd, 2013, 06:26 AM Potencia instalada en todo Puerto Rico: 5,700 MW (esto incluye los 5,380 MW previos al 'boom' de renovables y un estimado de dicho 'boom')
Potencia máxima utilizada en tiempos de demanda pico: ca. 3,800 MW
Potencia habitualmente utilizada: ca. 3,000 MW
Esencialmente estamos generando el doble de lo que se usa aquí.
gugi182 March 22nd, 2013, 06:56 AM Ya veras los ambientalistas trepándose en las grúas y haciendo manifestaciones como siempre pasa
luisr March 24th, 2013, 03:21 AM No toda la potencia instalada está operando todo el tiempo así que no se puede decir que se general el doble de lo que se consume. La turbinas de diesel solo se usan esporádicamente. Las hidroeléctricas no están todas operando todo el tiempo. Las renovables como ya sabemos nunca operan al 100%. El sistema eléctrico tiene que operar en todo momento en un juego de predecir la demanda para poder suplir sin tener un exceso demasiado grande porque el sistema simplemente no lo va a aguantar.
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