Nuclear Power Development 核电

[Liang1a]

There is an interesting article in Xinhuanet at the following link about China approving 2 more nuclear power plants:

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/20...nt_1625477.htm

The article said China has approved another 2 nuclear power plants. They are:

Guangdong Province:
Second phase of Ling'ao Nuclear Power Plant
Zhejiang Province:
First phase: Sanmen Nuclear Power Plant.

At the current time China has 11 nuclear generating units in 4 power plants in operation or under construction. They are:

In operation:
Guangdong Province:
Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant
First phase of Ling'ao Nuclear Power Plant
Zhejiang Province:
Haiyan County - Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant
-----------------------------------
Under construction:
Jiangsu Province:
Lianyungang City - Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant
-----------------------------------

Nuclear power currently provide only 1.4% of China's electrical power compared with the world average of some 16%. But in countries like France the percentage of electricity provided by nuclear power is even much more. France get some 80% of its electricity from nuclear power without any notable accident proving that nuclear power when properly operated could be safe, economical and effective.

Unfortunately, China is planning to use nuclear power to provide only some 4% of China's electrical power by 2020. The main reason given for China's underuse of nuclear power is the cost. While the cost of nuclear power is the same as coal fire power in advanced countries such as America, the cost of nuclear power is much higher than coal fire power in China. The reason is that China cannot produce all the parts and components of nuclear power generation. Since many components such as the electric generators and fuel rods and monitoring devices have to be imported, China has to pay 5 times more for imported components than it could make them domestically. On the other hand China is able to make all components of coal fire power generation thus making coal fire power generation much cheaper than nuclear power generation.

The Xinhua article said that China could produce 1 MKw electric generators if it could use softwares from foreign countries. This again points to the fact that China's economic advancement is hampered by its lack of high level scientists and engineers. If China had the high level science and engineering doctorates, then it could have produced the advanced softwares itself. Then other Chinese scientists and engineers could produced the 1 MKw electric generators cheaply to make nuclear power competitive with coal fire power generation.

It is for reasons such as this that I have repeatedly suggested to the Chinese government that it must immediately implement a fast track educational program to produce some 1 million science and engineering doctorates within 10 years. Until China has these high level scientists and engineers, its technology and economy cannot advance quickly enough.

[zergcerebrates]

Its about time.

[Liang1a]

It has come to my attention that there is a very informative website about China's energy production at the following link:

http://www.chinapage.com/power/power.html

Forunites who wish to know more about China's erergy production, particularly the nuclear power generation could go and browse around in this website.

[Gendo]

An interesting link Liang1a. I've seen japanimations with those "Cliff Roads" in the 3 Gorges Dam link, although I'm not certain if that was the intention.

[potto]

France does not produce 80% of its electricity from Nuclear! Nuclear power is a costly mistake, one word... waste. A waste that remains radioactive for thousands upon thousands of years. The UK has a nuclear recycling plant... but do you really think that it is safe to transport nuclear waste from as far afield as Japan and Germany? Nuclear waste is the costly and embarrassing legacy of nuclear power that the West now has to deal with... and you talk about going down the same route without a care in the world... foolish

[y3miii]

New Reactor Fuels
China's Nuclear Binge
By Spencer Reiss
Wired Magazine
9-2-4


China is staring at the dark side of double-digit growth. Blackouts roll and factory lights flicker, the grid sucked dry by a decade of breakneck industrialization. Oil and natural gas are running low, and belching power plants are burning through coal faster than creaky old railroads can deliver it. Global warming? The most populous nation on earth ranks number two in the world - at least the Kyoto treaty isn't binding in developing countries. Air pollution? The World Bank says the People's Republic is home to 16 of the planet's 20 worst cities. Wind, solar, biomass - the country is grasping at every energy alternative within reach, even flooding a million people out of their ancestral homes with the world's biggest hydroelectric project. Meanwhile, the government's plan for holding onto power boils down to a car for every bicycle and air-conditioning for a billion-odd potential dissidents.

What's an energy-starved autocracy to do?

Go nuclear.

While the West frets about how to keep its sushi cool, hot tubs warm, and Hummers humming without poisoning the planet, the cold-eyed bureaucrats running the People's Republic of China have launched a nuclear binge right out of That '70s Show. Late last year, China announced plans to build 30 new reactors - enough to generate twice the capacity of the gargantuan Three Gorges Dam - by 2020. And even that won't be enough. The Future of Nuclear Power, a 2003 study by a blue-ribbon commission headed by former CIA director John Deutch, concludes that by 2050 the PRC could require the equivalent of 200 full-scale nuke plants. A team of Chinese scientists advising the Beijing leadership puts the figure even higher: 300 gigawatts of nuclear output, not much less than the 350 gigawatts produced worldwide today.

To meet that growing demand, China's leaders are pursuing two strategies. They're turning to established nuke plant makers like AECL, Framatome, Mitsubishi, and Westinghouse, which supplied key technology for China's nine existing atomic power facilities. But they're also pursuing a second, more audacious course. Physicists and engineers at Beijing's Tsinghua University have made the first great leap forward in a quarter century, building a new nuclear power facility that promises to be a better way to harness the atom: a pebble-bed reactor. A reactor small enough to be assembled from mass-produced parts and cheap enough for customers without billion-dollar bank accounts. A reactor whose safety is a matter of physics, not operator skill or reinforced concrete. And, for a bona fide fairy-tale ending, the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow is labeled hydrogen.

A soft-spoken scientist named Qian Jihui has no doubt about what the smaller, safer, hydrogen-friendly design means for the future of nuclear power, in China and elsewhere. Qian is a former deputy director general with the International Atomic Energy Agency and an honorary president of the Nuclear Power Institute of China. He's a 67-year-old survivor of more than one revolution, which means he doesn't take the notion of upheaval lightly.

"Nobody in the mainstream likes novel ideas," Qian says. "But in the international nuclear community, a lot of people believe this is the future. Eventually, these new reactors will compete strategically, and in the end they will win. When that happens, it will leave traditional nuclear power in ruins."

Now we're talking revolution, comrade.

Known as China's MIT, Tsinghua University sprawls across a Qing-dynasty imperial garden, just outside the rampart of mirrored Blade Runner towers that line Beijing's North Fourth Ring Road. Wang Dazhong came here in the mid-1950s as a member of China's first-ever class of homegrown nuclear engineers. Now he's director emeritus of Tsinghua's Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, aka INET, and a key member of Beijing's energy policy team. On a bright morning dimmed by Beijing's ever-present photochemical haze, Wang sits in a spartan conference room lit by energy-efficient compact fluorescent bulbs.

"If you're going to have 300 gigawatts of nuclear power in China - 50 times what we have today - you can't afford a Three Mile Island or Chernobyl," Wang says. "You need a new kind of reactor."

That's exactly what you can see 40 minutes away, behind a glass-enclosed guardhouse flanked by military police. Nestled against a brown mountainside stands a five-story white cube whose spare design screams, "Here be engineers!" Beneath its cavernous main room are the 100 tons of steel, graphite, and hydraulic gear known as HTR-10 (i.e., high-temperature reactor, 10 megawatt). The plant's output is underwhelming; at full power - first achieved in January - it would barely fulfill the needs of a town of 4,000 people. But what's inside HTR-10, which until now has never been visited by a Western journalist, makes it the most interesting reactor in the world.

In the air-conditioned chill of the visitors' area, a grad student runs through the basics. Instead of the white-hot fuel rods that fire the heart of a conventional reactor, HTR-10 is powered by 27,000 billiards-sized graphite balls packed with tiny flecks of uranium. Instead of superhot water - intensely corrosive and highly radioactive - the core is bathed in inert helium. The gas can reach much higher temperatures without bursting pipes, which means a third more energy pushing the turbine. No water means no nasty steam, and no billion-dollar pressure dome to contain it in the event of a leak. And with the fuel sealed inside layers of graphite and impermeable silicon carbide - designed to last 1 million years - there's no steaming pool for spent fuel rods. Depleted balls can go straight into lead-lined steel bins in the basement.

Wearing disposable blue paper gowns and booties, the grad student leads the way to a windowless control room that houses three industry-standard PC workstations and the inevitable electronic schematic, all valves, pressure lines, and color-coded readouts. In a conventional reactor's control room, there would be far more to look at - control panels for emergency core cooling, containment-area sprinklers, pressurized water tanks. None of that is here. The usual layers of what the industry calls engineered safety are superfluous. Suppose a coolant pipe blows, a pressure valve sticks, terrorists knock the top off the reactor vessel, an operator goes postal and yanks the control rods that regulate the nuclear chain reaction - no radioactive nightmare. This reactor is meltdown-proof.

Zhang Zuoyi, the project's 42-year-old director, explains why. The key trick is a phenomenon known as Doppler broadening - the hotter atoms get, the more they spread apart, making it harder for an incoming neutron to strike a nucleus. In the dense core of a conventional reactor, the effect is marginal. But HTR-10's carefully designed geometry, low fuel density, and small size make for a very different story. In the event of a catastrophic cooling-system failure, instead of skyrocketing into a bad movie plot, the core temperature climbs to only about 1,600 degrees Celsius - comfortably below the balls' 2,000-plus-degree melting point - and then falls. This temperature ceiling makes HTR-10 what engineers privately call walk-away safe. As in, you can walk away from any situation and go have a pizza.

"In a conventional reactor emergency, you have only seconds to make the right decision," Zhang notes. "With HTR-10, it's days, even weeks - as much time as we could ever need to fix a problem."

This unusual margin of safety isn't merely theoretical. INET's engineers have already done what would be unthinkable in a conventional reactor: switched off HTR-10's helium coolant and let the reactor cool down all by itself. Indeed, Zhang plans a show-stopping repeat performance at an international conference of reactor physicists in Beijing in September. "We think our kind of test may be required in the market someday," he adds.

Today's nuclear power plants are the fruits of a decision tree rooted in the earliest days of the atomic age. In 1943, a Manhattan Project team led by Enrico Fermi sustained the first man-made nuclear chain reaction in a pile of uranium blocks at the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Lab. A chemist named Farrington Daniels joined the effort a short time later. But Daniels wasn't interested in bombs. His focus was on a notion that had been circulating among physicists since the late 1930s: harnessing atomic power for cheap, clean electricity. He proposed a reactor containing enriched uranium "pebbles" - a term borrowed from chemistry - and using gaseous helium to transfer energy to a generator.

The Daniels pile, as the concept was called, was taken seriously enough that Oak Ridge National Laboratory commissioned Monsanto to design a working version in 1945. Before it could be built, though, a bright Annapolis graduate named Hyman Rickover "sailed in with the Navy," as Daniels later put it, and the competing idea of building a rod-fueled, water-cooled reactor to power submarines. With US Navy money backing the new design, the pebble bed fell by the wayside, and Daniels returned to the University of Wisconsin. By the time of his death in 1972, he was known as a pioneer of - irony alert - solar power. Indeed, the International Solar Energy Society's biennial award bears his name.

By the mid-1950s, with President Eisenhower preaching "atoms for peace" before the United Nations, civilian nuclear power was squarely on the table. The newly created General Atomics division of General Dynamics assembled 40 top nuclear scientists to spend the summer of 1956 brainstorming reactor designs. The leading light was Edward Teller, godfather of the H-bomb, and his message to the group was prophetic. For people to accept nuclear power, he argued, reactors must be "inherently safe." He even proposed a practical test: If you couldn't pull out every control rod without causing a meltdown, the design was inadequate.

But Teller's advice was ignored in the rush to beat the Russians to meter-free electricity. Instead of pursuing inherent safety, the nascent civilian nuclear industry followed Rickover into fuel rods, water cooling, and ever more layers of protection against the hazards of radioactive steam emissions and runaway chain reaction. To try to amortize the cost of all that backup, plants ballooned, tripling in average size in less than a decade and contributing to a crippling financial crunch in the mid-'70s. Finally, partial meltdowns at Three Mile Island in 1979 and Chernobyl in 1986 pulled the plug on reactor construction in most of the world.

Even where the pebble-bed concept took root, the industry's woes conspired against it. In Germany, a charismatic physicist named Rudolf Schulten picked up the idea and by 1985 a full-scale prototype was online - too large, in fact, to meet Teller's inherent safety test. Barely a year later, with Chernobyl's fallout raining over Europe, a minor malfunction at the German reactor set off nightmare headlines. Before long, the plant was mothballed.

The twin disasters in Pennsylvania and Ukraine proved Teller's point and inverted his hopeful formulation: The Union of Concerned Scientists pronounced nuclear power "inherently dangerous." The industry, already staggered by overbuilding and runaway budgets, ground to a halt. The newest of the 104 reactors operating in the US today was greenlighted in 1979. And there our story might have ended, except

Even as the nuclear establishment was putting all its efforts into avoiding the klieg lights, scientists in two faraway places were carrying the torch for a better reactor. One was South Africa, where in the mid-1990s the national utility company quietly licensed Germany's cast-off pebble-bed design and set about trying to raise the necessary funds. The other was China, where the Tsinghua team pursued a Nike strategy: Just do it.

Frank Wu's glass-walled ninth-floor office at Innovation Plaza offers a commanding view of Tsinghua University's leafy campus. That's no accident: The university co-owns this complex of gleaming silver towers, designed as a magnet for high tech startups. Likewise Wu's company, Chinergy, is a 50-50 joint venture between Tsinghua's Institute for Nuclear and New Energy Technology and the state-owned China Nuclear Engineering Group.

"I just had a call from a mayor in one of the provinces," says Wu, who came on board as CEO after a decade spent running financial services companies in the US (where he adopted the English first name). "He asked me, 'How much do we have to pay to get one of those things here?'"

If Wu's pebble-bed "thing" is, well, hot, it's because Chinergy's product is tailor-made for the world's fastest-growing energy market: a modular design that snaps together like Legos. Despite some attempts at standardization, the latest generation of big nukes are still custom-built onsite. By contrast, production versions of INET's reactor will be barely a fifth their size and power, and built from standardized components that can be mass-produced, shipped by road or rail, and assembled quickly. Moreover, multiple reactors can be daisy-chained around one or more turbines, all monitored from a single control room. In other words, Tsinghua's power plants can do the two things that matter most amid China's explosive growth: get where they're needed and get big, fast.

Wu and his backers aim to have a full-scale 200-megawatt version of HTR-10 by the end of the decade. They've already persuaded Huaneng Power International - one of China's five big privatized utilities, listed on the NYSE and chaired by the son of former premier Li Peng - to pick up half of the estimated $300 million tab. Concrete is scheduled to be poured in spring 2007.

By the usual glacial standards, that timeline is nuts for a reactor still on the drawing board. South Africa's pebble-bed group has been working on plans for a demonstration unit near Cape Town since 1993. But with an estimated $1 billion budget and local environmentalists on the warpath, the project remains stuck where it's been for nearly a decade: five to 10 years from completion.

Five to 10 years ago, a lot of today's China was little more than blueprints. And Wu, who likes to tell visiting Americans how one of his previous companies beat Sun Microsystems for the contract to wire West Point, has distinct advantages. The INET team, some of whose members studied with Schulten in Germany, has been prototyping pebble-bed designs since the mid-1980s. Also courtesy of the Germans, they have the best equipment in the world for what is probably the stickiest technical problem: fabrication of fuel balls in quantities that could quickly grow to millions.

By the time Chinergy's pilot plant is up and running, it's likely that the 30 reactors the government has planned for 2020 will already be under way. By then, however, China's grid is expected to be market-driven, and companies like Huaneng will have a free hand to put plants where they're needed and charge whatever the market will bear. Chinergy's strategy is tailored for this new environment. Power companies operating in regions making the transition from rural to industrial to urban will need to start small, but may suddenly find themselves struggling to meet unexpected demand. That's where the modular concept comes into play: Wu plans to sell power modules - 200-megawatt reactors plus ancillary gear - one at a time, if necessary. Growing utilities will be able to add modules as needed, ultimately reaching the gigawatt range where conventional reactors now reign. Such installations will be affordable to start - and they'll become cheaper to operate as they grow, thanks to economies of scale in everything from security and technicians to fuel supply.

Too good to be true? Not according to Andrew Kadak, who teaches nuclear engineering at MIT (including a course titled "Colossal Failures in Engineering"). Kadak is a big-nuke guy by background. From 1989 to 1997, he was CEO of Yankee Atomic Electric, which ran - and ultimately closed - the '60s-vintage plant in Rowe, Massachusetts. Now he's helping INET refine its fuel ball technology and working with the US Department of Energy to build a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Research Lab.

"The industry has been focused on water-cooled reactors that require complicated safety systems," Kadak says. "The Chinese aren't constrained by that history. They're showing that there's another way that's simpler and safer. The big question is whether the economics will pay off."

In May, British eminence green James Lovelock, creator of the Gaia hypothesis that Earth is a single self-regulating organism, published an impassioned plea to phase out fossil fuels in London's The Independent. Nuclear power, he argued, is the last, best hope for averting climatic catastrophe:

"Opposition to nuclear energy is based on irrational fear fed by Hollywood-style fiction, the Green lobbies, and the media. Ö Even if they were right about its dangers - and they are not - its worldwide use as our main source of energy would pose an insignificant threat compared with the dangers of intolerable and lethal heat waves and sea levels rising to drown every coastal city of the world. We have no time to experiment with visionary energy sources; civilization is in imminent danger and has to use nuclear, the one safe, available energy source, now, or suffer the pain soon to be inflicted by our outraged planet."

Coming to terms with nuclear energy is only a first step. To power a billion cars, there's no practical alternative to hydrogen. But it will take huge quantities of energy to extract hydrogen from water and hydrocarbons, and the best ways scientists have found to do that require high temperatures, up to 1,000 degrees Celsius. In other words, there's another way of looking at INET's high-temperature reactor and its potential offspring: They're hydrogen machines.

For exactly that reason, the DOE, along with similar agencies in Japan and Europe, is looking intently at high-temperature reactor designs. Tsinghua's researchers are in contact with the major players, but they're also starting their own project, focused on what many believe is the most promising means of generating hydrogen: thermochemical water splitting. Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories believe efficiency could top 60 percent - twice that of low-temperature methods. INET plans to begin researching hydrogen production by 2006.

In that way, China's nuclear renaissance could feed the hydrogen revolution, enabling the country to leapfrog the fossil-fueled West into a new age of clean energy. Why worry about foreign fuel supplies when you can have safe nukes rolling off your own assembly lines? Why invoke costly international antipollution protocols when you can have motor vehicles that spout only water vapor from their tail pipes? Why debate least-bad alternatives when you have the political and economic muscle to engineer the dream?

The scale is vast, but so are China's ambitions. Gentlemen, start your reactors.

© Copyright© 1993-2004 The CondÈ Nast Publications Inc. All rights reserved. © Copyright 2004, Lycos, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1...ina&topic_set=

[hkskyline]

FEATURE-China's nuclear dreams clouded by cost, waste
By John Ruwitch

DAYA BAY, China, April 21 (Reuters) - Look away from the four giant nuclear reactors, and Daya Bay's manicured lawns, golf range and ocean-front apartments seem like the trappings of a luxury south China housing enclave.

Just 50 km (30 miles) from the heart of Hong Kong as the crow flies, they form a ring around one of the oldest fission-powered electricity plants in China, a template for success in an industry launching one of the most ambitious expansion drives in the world.

China's leaders think nuclear power offers a partial remedy for ills ranging from the pall of smog hanging over its cities to a growing addiction to foreign oil.

But analysts and environmentalists warn a range of challenges, from waste disposal to the daunting price tag on new generators, could give the energy cure a bitter taste.

Beijing began commercial nuclear generation late, after devoting resources and scientists to weapons development during Mao Zedong's rule. The country's first atomic bomb exploded in 1964 but civilian reactors only came online in the 1990s.

It is now racing to catch up and to meet booming energy demand with plans to more than quadruple capacity by 2020 and work on a new technology that scientists tout as accident-proof.

At present, nine reactors contribute barely 2 percent of the nation's power -- just one eighth of the global average. The target is to raise this to 40 gigawatts, or 4 percent over the next 15 years by building 30 new reactors.

"China started late, but to build two major reactors a year is a very ambitious programme and I don't think anyone has ever attempted that," said Clarence Hardy, vice-president of the Pacific Nuclear Council.

REACTOR MIX

China has what is probably the largest variety of nuclear technologies within a single nation's borders. It has used Canadian, French and Russian designs and is considering signing up for a U.S. one, as well as supporting home-grown technology.

"It was a deliberate, not accidental, mix and it probably was a good strategy as it keeps them up to speed on what is going on worldwide," said Beijing-based energy analyst James Brock.

Besides cherry-picking the best international technology, Chinese scientists believe they may have found a way to lay to rest the ghost of the 1986 Chernobyl explosion, which still haunts the industry.

The pebble bed reactor being developed at Tsinghua University is meltdown-proof, said scientist Wu Zongxin, who has worked on the project for over two decades.

It uses fuel "pebbles" -- roughly the size of tennis balls and wrapped in graphite with a higher melting point than the uranium inside -- to prevent runaway reactions, he explained.

"It is impossible that the nuclear fuel could melt ... the passive safety mechanism does not rely on humans to control the temperature," Wu told Reuters.

A 10-megawatt test reactor is on-line near Beijing and work starts on a demonstration plant in Shandong in 2008, he said.

Chinese power developers are also pursuing designs that use less uranium. As nations trying to cut pollution take another look at nuclear power, world uranium prices have risen, more than tripling since 2004.

Despite the new research, China's government may struggle to persuade listed utilities to help fund the nuclear expansion.

Although nuclear plants are cheap to run, with low exposure to fuel costs particularly valuable as oil and gas prices rise, they are very expensive to build.

"I do not think Chinese power producers are going to rush into nuclear power because it's the 'in' thing," said Joseph Jacobelli, utilities analyst at Merrill Lynch in Hong Kong.

"For a 2-gigawatt power plant, you have costs of around $3 billion and all of that is front-loaded. They will want a high level of guarantees," he added.

WASTE, MONITORING CONCERNS

Rigorous safety procedures copied from the designers have given China a solid record so far despite the variety of reactors it uses. A single operating company, China National Nuclear Corporation, helps unify safety plans.

But if something does go wrong and officials are tempted to cover up, there may be no one to call them to account in a society that brooks limited dissent from central control.

"Civil society safeguards -- press freedom, whistleblower protection, human rights laws -- form a more amorphous layer of protections which are largely absent in China," said Jim Green, nuclear campaigner from Friends of the Earth in Australia.

Disposing of the over 1,000 tonnes a year of radioactive waste that the expansion could produce, according to the World Nuclear Association, is another minefield.

There are plans to expand a small facility in western Gansu province to deal with much of the spent fuel, but Green says details are opaque and, with concern over environmental issues growing in wealthier east coast areas, poorer areas may be forced to host their nuclear waste.

"We are concerned that politically less powerful groups like Tibetans and people in northwest China are going to be targeted (for waste disposal facilities)," Green said. (Additional reporting by Emma Graham-Harrison in Beijing)

[dingyunyang179]

You should post this kind of topic in "Tea house".
:-)

[BJSH]

Originally Posted by dingyunyang179

You should post this kind of topic in "Tea house".
:-)

how come?

[Pangu]

Because this thread has nothing to do with skyscrapers, which is what SKYSCRAPERCity is all about. As a rule, all non-skyscraper related topics should be in the Tea House/Skybar.

[Tom_Green]

China is big. They should build many reactors in areas where nobody lives. Far away from cities. I think the transport of electricity is not a big problem.

[zergling]

Originally Posted by Tom_Green

China is big. They should build many reactors in areas where nobody lives. Far away from cities. I think the transport of electricity is not a big problem.

Of course it is. Electricity is dissipated in the form of heat through power lines, causing tremendous amount of energy waste. Thus electricity generating facilities should be built as close to whoever using the energy as possible.

[dingyunyang179]

Originally Posted by BJSH

how come?

“Tea House in the City” http://www.skyscrapercity.com/forumdisplay.php?f=396

[Tom_Green]

Originally Posted by zergling

Of course it is. Electricity is dissipated in the form of heat through power lines, causing tremendous amount of energy waste. Thus electricity generating facilities should be built as close to whoever using the energy as possible.

Problems in Canada were the reason for the blackout in New York. This is far away. So i thought the transport of energy is not a problem.

[hkskyline]

Originally Posted by Tom_Green

Problems in Canada were the reason for the blackout in New York. This is far away. So i thought the transport of energy is not a problem.

There was a huge blackout in the Northeastern US and Canada several summers ago. It started with problems in an American grid and quickly spread to Canada and throughout the Northeast since all the grids were interconnected.

[null]

　　中新网5月18日电 据国防科工委网站消息，中国核工业集团公司5月18日在京宣布，中俄两国迄今最大的技术经济合作项目——田湾核电站继2号机组并网后又传捷报：17日20时17分，1号机组正式投入商业运行。

　　田湾核电站是目前中国单机容量最大的核电站。1号机组于2005年10月18日开始首次装料，12月20日反应堆首次达到临界。2006年5月12日首次并网成功。2007年1月9日反应堆功率首次达到100%额定功率。

　　为适应国际上对新一代压水堆核电站在安全性和经济性方面的发展要求，田湾核电站采用了国际上经过验证的、成熟的先进技术和设备，技术经济指标先进。该电站由俄方对电站技术总负责，一期工程两台机组的核岛和常规岛由俄方承担设计，设备主要由俄方提供，全厂调试由俄方负责。中方负责配套设计、工程建设、项目管理以及运行管理。

　　江苏核电有限公司按现代企业制度运营，作为项目业主，负责田湾核电站的建设管理和建成后的商业运营，其股东构成是：中核集团公司、中电投核电有限公司、江苏省国信资产管理集团有限公司。

　　田湾核电站的建成除了注入能源外，还将在促进环保、繁荣经济、带动就业、提升品质、拉动产业等方面对地方经济和社会可持续发展做出积极的贡献，也将为中俄在核能领域的合作奠定坚实基础。

　　截至5月17日24时，1号机组累计发电量24.18亿千瓦时，累计上网电量21.57亿千瓦时。(辛 文)

[lilylidou]

这个核电站建了好多年了 后来变成中俄合建 看来我们的核电技术还是有问题啊

[snow is red]

Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Station
-the first N-plant in Northeast China

Total Investment: 50 Billion Yuan
Project Duration: 2004 - 2012(Phase I, 4 reactors) - 2014(Phase II, 2 reactors)
Generating Capacity: 6 MKW reactors, 30 billion kWh/year


China plans to build 31 new nuclear power plants with a total investment of 500 billion Yuan by 2020.

Work will start on the Ningde, Fuqing and Yangjiang nuclear power stations in 2008.

[snow is red]

Shandong Yantai Haiyang Nuclear Power Station
-Minimum Six AP1000 Reactors, 3 Phases, Phase I(2 Reactors) Operational 2010

Total Investment: 60 Billion Yuan
Project Duration: 2006 - 2026



烟台海阳核电站位于胶东半岛上的海阳市东南部海边，在海阳市大辛家镇的冷家庄和邻近的董家庄。处于胶东电力负荷中心，地质条件优越，是国内基础条件最好的核电站址之一。工程总投资600亿元人民币，分三期实施，一期将建设2台100万千瓦级核电机组。该项目可行性研究报告显示，海阳核电站的规划容量为600万千瓦级核电机组，并留有扩建余地，总装机容量870万千瓦，发电机组全部投产后，年发电量接近三峡电站发电量的90%。一期工程投资250亿元，规划建设两台百万千瓦级核电机组，装备世界最先进的第三代核电AP1000自主化依托设备，拟于2010年开始发电。

随着近年来电煤供应的紧张及建能源节约型社会的需求，发展核电已列入了国家通盘规划中，而山东省规划建设海阳核电站，能够从一定程度上改善山东的电力结构。特别是因地缘优势明显，其建成后将缓解青岛用电紧张局面。

[snow is red]

Guangdong Yangjiang Nuclear Power Station
-Six 1080MWe CPR1000 Reactors, Phase I (2 Reactors) Commercial Operational 2012

Total Investment: 55 Billion Yuan (8 Billion US Dollars)
Project Duration: 2004 - 2026



阳江核电站位于广东省阳江市东平镇沙环，，距广州约250公里，距大亚湾核电基地约400公里，是中广核集团在广东地区的第二核电基地。项目拟采用中广核集团具有自主品牌的CPR1000技术，拟建设六台百万千瓦级压水堆核电机组，由中广核集团下属成员公司阳江核电有限公司负责建设和运营。

阳江核电站的建设是中广核集团在成功建设和运营大亚湾与岭澳两座核电站的基础上实施“以核养核，滚动发展”战略的又一重大举措。工程于1988年开始前期工作，2003年项目上报国家计委，2004年9月正式批准立项———如果到6台机组全部投产的2026年左右，阳江核电站就可谓30年“磨一电”。

进入阳江核电站施工现场———阳江市阳东县东平镇的沙环。从台山北陡镇最西边的沙咀村往西再走几公里，一条高标准公路呈现在眼前，一块巨大的公路牌指引着我们直达核电站。

在核电站厂区建设现场可以看到，数十辆挖土机正在施工现场忙碌，爆破区也是炮声隆隆、烟尘滚滚。据主厂平区项目经理介绍，核电站厂平一期工程已完成近80%，计划今年年底完工，填海一期工程也将于今年7月15日完工，核电站建设的前期工程正在如火如荼地进行。
阳江核电站规划六台百万千瓦级的核电机组建成后，这里将成为全国最大的核电基地。阳江核电站分两到三期建设，一期两台百万千瓦的核电机组将于2012年左右投入商业运行。目前，阳江核电站的前期项目工程正在进行之中，阳江核电站水库已开工；进场道路、进水库道路已实现通车；电信公司也已开始铺设电缆；阳江电力部门已开工铺设了临时用电设施。一旦今年11月选定核电机组之后，就可以在明年全面动工安装建设工程，到2010年建成投产2台机组，6台机组全部投产则要到2021年~2026年左右。

而阳江核电项目的前期工作早在1988年阳江建市之初就已开始，经过广东省政府、省计委、广东核电集团、阳江市政府等长期不懈的努力，2003年8月该项目再次转由广东核电集团向国家计委上报，去年项目得以落实。因此从当初规划立项，至该电站6台机组全部投入运营，这个中国第一核电站建设历时将是三十余年。

　　粤核发电量追三峡电量

阳江核电站，也是广东核电投资的第三个独立商用核电站，将建6个核反应堆。核反应堆的数量是核电站的发电能力最为直接的体现。大亚湾与岭澳核电站原先有4个核反应堆，计划再建两个。

这样，广东将有12个核反应堆，总装机容量达1200万千瓦，直逼三峡。

阳江核电项目总装机容量达800万千瓦，规划总投资80亿美元，将建设6台百万千瓦级机组，届时，加上目前400万千瓦的装机容量，核电将以1200万千瓦的发电量占据广东电力市场1／5的份额。如果加上大亚湾和岭澳的两个新反应堆，装机容量将直逼三峡电力的1800万千瓦。

根据我国核电的“远景规划”，到2020年中国核电装机容量将从目前的850万千瓦增加到4000万千瓦，从目前的占全国电力装机总容量的2.3%提升到占4%。

　　核电站无地震破坏之忧

中科院地质所、国家地震局、省地震局、省地质局等单位先后对阳江的地质地震情况进行了近10年的勘查、研究，最终提出了沙环厂址的地震基本烈度和厂址自由场基岩地震动参数，并得到国家地震局的审查认可。

研究认为，阳江地震为点源地震，震中在洋边海，多次发震震中均不迁移，而且地震烈度向东衰减很快，影响很小。历次地震（包括1969年的6.4级地震，地震点距沙环厂址55公里）对厂址影响均不超过6度，而阳江核电站的基本抗震安全设计为8度。而且，地质勘查证实，阳江核电站厂址在一个完整的花岗岩岩体上，是相对稳定的地块。该厂址建设用地又通过了地质灾害危险性评估，再次证明厂址基础是安全可靠的。

另据资料显示，目前世界上有近500座核电站，其中地震较活跃的日本就有50多座，尚未有一座因地质地震因素而引发事故。

专家还指出，中国广东核电集团属下正在运行的大亚湾核电站、岭澳核电站和阳江核电站都是采用国际上成熟的“压水式反应堆”设计。“压水式反应堆”核电站采用纵深防御的原则，在放射性物质（核裂变产物）和环境之间设置了四道安全屏障，不会发生放射性物质外泄的事故。可以说，核电站的安全是有充分保障的，可谓万无一失。

台山腰鼓核电项目建设前期工作也已全面启动。台山核电站一号机组预期于2007年年底浇灌第一罐混凝土，单机建设周期为58个月，预计于2012年10月投产发电。2号机组预计2013年6月投产发电。

台山核电站一期工程拟建设两台由中国广东核电集团自主开发的CPR1000压水堆核电机组，额定功率1080MWe/台，