Kerala Economy

[chekuthan]

This thread is to discuss the economy of Kerala. Post articles, news, opinions etc about the kerala economy.



Pasting an article from Wikipedia which describes salient features of the economy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala

Economy of Kerala

Service industry dominates the Kerala economy.[1] Kerala leads many other Indian states and territories in terms of per capita GDP (74,620 INR States of India by size of economy[2]) and economic productivity and Kerala's Human Development Index is the best in India. According to the Global Hunger Index 2008, the severity of hunger situation in Kerala is "serious", which is better than the grade "alarming" received by many Indian states.[3] Kerala's low GDP and productivity figures juxtaposed with higher development figures than in most Indian states — is often dubbed the "Kerala Phenomenon" or the "Kerala Model" of development by economists, political scientists, and sociologists. This phenomenon arises mainly from Kerala's unusually strong service sector.[citation needed] Some describe Kerala's economy as a "democratic socialist welfare state". Some, such as Financial Express, use the term "Money Order Economy".[4] Kerala's economic progress is above the national average. But relatively few major corporations and manufacturing plants are headquartered in Kerala.
The 2011 census shows Kerala's HDI to be 0.920, which is higher than that of most developed countries.
Around 30 lakh Keralites are working abroad mainly in Persian Gulf; migration to where started with the Kerala Gulf boom. So the Kerala Economy is largely dependent on remittances.[5][6][7] S. Irudaya Rajan describes the situation as "Remittances from global capitalism are carrying the whole Kerala economy".[5] Unemployment recently dropped from a large 19.1% in 2003 to 9.4% in 2007 & only 4.2% in 2011 .[8] Underemployment, low employability of youths, and a 13.5% female participation rate are chronic issues.[9]:5, 13[10] One concern is that Kerala government is running some of the highest deficits in India.
Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Kerala at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.
Year Gross State Domestic Product
1980 42,860
1985 75,200
1990 140,980
1995 387,620
2000 697,920
2005 1,025,080[11]
The state's debt was estimated at 56 per cent of GDP in 2005.[12]

Agriculture


Kerala produces 97% of national output of pepper and accounts for 85% out of the area under natural rubber in the country.[13] Coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, and spices — including cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg — comprise a critical agricultural sector. A key agricultural staple is rice, with some six hundred varieties grown in Kerala's extensive paddy fields.[14] Nevertheless, home gardens comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector. Related animal husbandry is also important, and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalized, and the landless. Feeding, milking, breeding, management, health care, and concomitant micro-enterprises all provide work for around 32 lakh (3.2 million) of Kerala's 55 lakh (5.5 million) households. The state government seeks to promote such activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the "Sunandini".

Alcohol

Per capita & Consumption of alcoholic beverages in Kerala for the year of 2010
Ironically one of Kerala's major social problems is also a huge revenue earner for the state. Kerala consumes more alcohol than any other state in India. The state government holds a monopoly over liquor sale in the state, after the state banned foreign liquor shops, through the government owned Kerala State Beverages Corporation (KSBC). Every year, liquor and beer sales have been rising and the total sales of liquor and beer during 2010-11 fiscal year is expected to be about Rs. 6,700 crore.[15]
The government applies the highest state tax in the country on liquor (around 150%). This earns it high revenues. Total revenue by way of taxes on the sale of liquor and beer was Rs.5,539 crore in 2009-10.
Rum is the favorite alcohol beverage for Keralites followed by brandy. [16]
[edit]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Kerala
Kerala is an established tourist destination for both Indians and non-Indians alike. Tourists mostly visit such attractions as the beaches at Kovalam, Cherai and Varkala, the hill stations of Munnar, Nelliampathi, and Ponmudi, and national parks and wildlife sanctuaries such as Periyar and Eravikulam National Park. The "backwaters" region — an extensive network of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that center on Alleppey, Kumarakom, and Punnamada — also see heavy tourist traffic. Examples of Keralite architecture, such as the Padmanabhapuram Palace, Padmanabhapuram, are also visited. The capital city Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi(called as the "Queen of the Arabian Sea"), and Alappuzha(called the "Venice of the East"), are popular destinations. Tourism plays an important role in the state's economy.

BSE listed Kerala companies

1) Manappuram General Finance and Leasing Ltd
2) Muthoot Capital Services Ltd
3) Federal Bank
4) Dhanlaxmi Bank
5) South Indian Bank
5) ESAF Microfinance and Investments
6) Geojit BNP Paribas
7) Muthoot Finance
8) State Bank of Travancore
9) Harrisons Malayalam
10) Cochin Minerals and Rutile Limited
11) Cochin Minerals and Rutile Limited
12) Kerala Solvent Extractions Ltd
13) GTN Textiles Limited
14) Kitex Garments
15) Nitta Gelatin India Ltd
16) Eastern Traders
17) Rubfila International
18) Kerala Ayurveda Ltd
19) Vertex Securities Ltd
20) V-Guard Industries Ltd
21) Sree Sakthi Paper Mills
22) AVT Natural Products
23) Accel Transmatic Limited
[edit]Foreign remittances

In a state of 32 million where unemployment approaches 20 percent, one out of six employed Keralite now works overseas. As of 2008, the Gulf countries altogether have a Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who send home annually a sum of USD 6.81 billion,[17] which is more than 15.13% of Remittance to India in 2008. The largest number work in construction, although high literacy allows Keralites to secure office work. Foreign remittances augment the state’s economic output by nearly 25 percent. Migrants’ families are three times as likely as those of nonmigrants to live in superior housing, and about twice as likely to have telephones, refrigerators and cars.[18]

Banking

Kerala is the single largest originator of education loans for the country as a whole.Total disbursal of education loans amount to Rs 6,000 crore.[19]

Infrastructure

Kerala has 145,704 km of roads (4.2% of India's total). This translates into about 4.62 km of road per thousand population, compared to an all-India average of 2.59 km. Virtually all of Kerala's villages are connected by road. Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Total road length in Kerala increased by 5% between 2003-2004. The road density in Kerala is nearly four times the national average, and is a reflection of Kerala's unique settlement patterns. India's national highway network includes a Kerala-wide total of 1,524 km, which is only 2.6% of the national total. There are eight designated national highways in the state. Upgrading and maintenance of 1,600 km of state highways and major district roads have been taken up under the Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the GIS-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS). Kerala ranks second nationwide in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with national market share of over 21%.

[chekuthan]

Kerala budget 2012-13 Highlights
http://www.keralacm.gov.in/index.php...nfrastructure-

Other major decisions of this budget are :-

Rs 705 cr for Basic Insfratructure Development
Knowledge city to come up at Thodupuzha
Modern waste treatment plants at Kozhikode, Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram
Rs 300 crores for procuring land for developmental projects
Mullaperiyar: Rs 50 cr for building new dam
Widow pension to be hiked to Rs 525
Disability pension hiked to Rs 700
Marriage Assistance increased to Rs 20,000
Joint sea-safety project to be formed
Rs 50 cr for modern fish markets
Rs 56 cr for development of coastal highways
Rs 1 crore allocated for Pineapple Mission
Tender coconut water declared as 'official drink of Kerala'
Rs 25 cr for Sabarimala development
Rs 5 cr for waste treatment at Sabarimala
Rs 45 cr for installing green houses in every panchayat
Ayurveda University to be set up near Kottakkal
Rice bioparks in Kuttanad, Palakkad
Rs 50 cr for Kannur airport
Rs 150 cr for Kochi Metro project
Rs 224 cr for Vizhinjam project development
Rs 150 cr coconut bioparks
Rs 20 cr allotted initially for Monorail projects in Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode
Higher allocation for agriculture, industrial sectors
To focus on all sections of society
Rs 85 cr for Kudumbasree Mission
Rs 2.5 lakhs for ST sector to construct houses
Rs 2 lakhs for SC sector to construct houses
Rs 10 cr for development of Cole farming in Thrissur district
Rs 165 cr for Kuttanad Package
Wireless facility for fishermen
Rs 220 cr for Vallapradom project
Air Strips in all districts
Rs 100 cr for Agriculture sector
Rs 50 cr for paddy cultivation
Special package for farmers of Wayanad: Rs 55 crore allotted
Each Panchayath to have 3 green houses
Rs 1000 allotted for the children of members of Employment Guarantee Scheme
Rs 40 cr for Veterinary University at Pookottu
Rs 3 cr for pollution free tourism destinations
Rs 10 cr to set up coir village
Rs 100 cr for KINFRA
Mobility hubs in Kottayam, Thrissur
Constituency development fund allocation raised to Rs 705 cr
50% subsidy announced for bio gas plants.
Joint sea-safety project to be formed
Rs 66 cr for Higher Secondary Sector
Rs 11 cr for Horticulture Mission
Rs 110 cr for Jalanidi Project
New port at Tanur
Rs 524 cr fpor KSEB
Kidney patients under BPL category to get financial aid
Rs 10 crore for development of hillock areas
Revenue expenditure up by 19 pc
100 acre industrial park in Brahmapuram
100 new town city services
Rs 125 cr for KSRTC
5 small scale hydro electric projects to be set up
Rs 153 cr Akshayapathra project in Palakkad
Filim City at Ottappalam in PPP mode
Cancer Institute in 230 acres to come up at Malappuram
'108' ambulance facility for all districts
50 new homoeopathy dispensaries
Smart class rooms in schools
International Stadium in Kozhikode
Rs 52 cr for Kozhikode Cyber Park
Women ITI for 4 districts
Annual global Meet once in 2 years
Kerala Innovative Mission to be formed
Cigarette tax hiked to 15%
22% tax for tobacco products
Unaided special schools to be made aided
Tax on plastic carry bags raised to 20 pc from 12 pc
Rs 7 cr for Muziris Heritage Project
New airports in Idukki, Wayanad
Rs1 cr for Indian Institute of Mass Communication at Kottayam
Rs 62 cr for slum rehabilitation
Rs 15 cr for Malabar Cancer Centre
Rs 470 cr projects in health sector

[chekuthan]

Kerala expecting huge overseas investment: Chandy
New Delhi, April 20, 2012, (IANS) :
The Kerala government is expecting huge overseas investments in about 60 sectors including infrastructure, technology, education and healthcare, Chief Minister Oommen Chandy said Friday.
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/...nvestment.html

"We are expecting huge investment commitments" during the Sep 12-14 "Emerging Kerala 2012" global investor connect meet in Kochi, Chandy said after meeting top diplomats, including ambassadors and high commissioners, heads of trade missions and chiefs of international agencies here.

The chief minister was accompanied by his cabinet colleagues like Industries Minister P.K. Kunhalikutty and officials at the meetings. Chandy said he had met the ambassadors of Canada, China and some Gulf countries to convince them to participate in the Kochi event.

“The meeting with ambassadors, high commissioners of select countries, trade missions and heads of multilateral agencies is the most appropriate forum to flag off such an important event,” Chandy said at a news conference here.

Chandy said the government had identified almost 60 areas in which it would attract overseas investments.

The chief minister said his government had also identified core sectors for sustainable development of the state.
These include tourism, IT and IT-enabled services, healthcare, food and agro-processing, ports, ship building and logistics, energy, bio-technology, light engineering and automotive industries.

The government is also giving priority to development infrastructure, including roads, high-speed train, urban infrastructure and industrial parks and corridors.
Chandy said most of the projects will be developed on the public-private partnership (PPP) mode, providing huge business opportunities to both overseas and domestic investors.
Kerala plans to develop the country's first high-speed rail corridor. Almost $20 billion investment will be required for the proposed corridor that will run from Thiruvananthapuram to Mangalore.

The state, which has a 600 km-long coast line, is developing an international container trans-shipment terminal at Kochi. Kerala is also developing natural gas pipeline infrastructure and airports in several cities.

Quoting a World Bank report, Chandy pointed out that Kerala was ranked second in India in terms of ease of doing business. Karnataka is ranked the most business-friendly state in the country.

Industry Minister Kunhalikutty said the state government was "keen to create an enabling environment for investors with proactive policy initiatives.”

Kunhalikutty claimed that the state government was taking all possible efforts to facilitate investments.

The three-day event will be organised by the state government in association with the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and Nasscom.

[chekuthan]

Cooperatives in Kerala on recovery path, says outgoing Nabard chief

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, APRIL 20:
Cooperatives in the State are well on the way to fiscal consolidation after being in the lurch until last year.

This is as Mr K. C. Shashidhar, outgoing Chief General Manager of the Regional Office of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Nabard), sees it.

‘TOP-DOWN' APPROACH

The cooperatives have been traditionally strong at the grassroots level, but weak at the middle (district) and weakest at the apex (State) levels.

“So the strategy was to work our way top-down to the middle-level, which has paid off,” Mr Shashidhar told Business Line here on Friday.

Nabard started to intervene at the level of the apex-level Kerala State Cooperative Bank (KSCB) and together launched a series of initiatives aimed at improving its lot.

The KSCB was asked to prepare a perspective plan for itself. Nabard then suggested various ways of improving its financials and overall performance.

Mr Shashidhar said he received excellent support from the State government in this initiative. The net result is that KSCB has been put on the road to recovery.

Nabard has since sanctioned Rs 500 crore to the apex cooperative bank but insisted that it keep its house in order.

All this time, Nabard has been providing interest subvention facility to ensure that the interests of farmer beneficiaries are not affected.

The focus then shifted to the district-level cooperative banks, Mr Shashidhar said.

“I'm happy to report that all 14 district-level banks are now resting on solid financial pillars and meeting all provisions of the Banking Regulation Act.”

Primary-level cooperatives are being groomed to become multi-service cooperative banks by imbibing the good aspects of the Vaidyanathan Commission report.

INSTITUTION BUILDING

According to Mr Shashidhar, the work with the cooperatives sector in the State falls within the ambit of the ‘institution building' function of Nabard.

Changes cannot be brought about overnight in any system. This explains the slow grind but the interests of beneficiaries cannot be usurped either, he said. .

The Nabard Regional Office here sanctioned Rs 2,700 crore to the banking system in the State in 2011-12. This has been highest for any State for the period, Mr Shashidhar said.

[chekuthan]

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/...ry-and-economy

Kerala Plan outlay at Rs 14,010 cr

NEW DELHI, APRIL 20:
Kerala has got an annual Plan outlay of Rs 14,010 crore for 2012-13. The Plan was finalised here on Friday at a meeting between the Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Mr Montek Singh Ahluwalia, and the Chief Minister, Mr Oommen Chandy.

After the meeting, Mr Chandy said the Plan would give top priority to agriculture. Similarly, major thrust would be given to public health, higher education, urban development, dairy development, sports and youth services, tourism and art & culture.

Mr Chandy said there was need for increased spending both by the Centre and the States on public health. Infrastructure development was also a key thrust area, as also the social sector, he added.

Commenting on the Kerala's Plan performance, Mr Ahluwalia said the State's performance in education and health sector was better than most States. However, he drew attention to the falling growth in the agriculture and pointed out that the share of the agriculture and industry sectors in Kerala's GSDP had been gradually falling over the year, whereas the share of services had been rising.

Mr Ahluwalia advised the State to take initiatives aimed at reviving interest in agriculture, including crop diversification and allied sectors. Her also stressed on the need to raise power tariffs and suggested unbundling the State Electricity Board.

Mr Chandy said during the 12{+t}{+h} Plan his focus would be on “Development with Care and Compassion”. The Plan focus would be on a bottom-up approach, starting from the people at the lowest strata, to achieve the objective of inclusive growth.

The sum total of investment is expected to be far greater than the amount of Government Plan investment, as government will actively promote PPP and project financing through other schemes, he added.

[chekuthan]

[chekuthan]

[chekuthan]

[Malayaali]

Nice thread 'Chekuthan'

[chekuthan]

Thanks Malayali..

Here are some statistics on Kerala Primary Sector. Source: Economic Review 2011 http://spb.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/.../Chapter06.pdf

[Malayaali]

Planning Board finalizes Rs 14,010 crore plan outlay for state

Planning Commission on Friday cleared Rs 14,010 crore plan outlay for Kerala for 2012-13.

The plan size was finalized at a meeting between Commission's deputy chairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia and chief minister Oommen Chandy.

During the meeting, Ahluwalai lauded state's achievements and their expenditure realization as satisfactory. But the need for power tariff revision and unbundling of the State Electricity board were stressed. Kerala was advised to take a lead in water management by enacting national framework law on this scarce resource.

The services sector accounts for 69.7% of the GSDP at 2004-05 prices followed by the industry sector (20.5%) and the agriculture sector (9.8%) during 2011-12.

The real per capita income of Kerala is higher than the real per capita income of the country as a whole. The real per capita income of Kerala has increased at CAGR of 7.75% during 2004-05 to 2010-11, while the national per capita income has increased at CAGR of 6.84% during the same period.

Talking after the meeting, chief minister Oommen Chandy said that the extra central assistance would be Rs 326 crore. The state had asked for an additional Rs 600 crore.

Agricultural and allied activities will get Rs 1,236.41 crore, which is 28.44% more than last year. Similarly, the rural development sector will get Rs 467.69 crore which is 1.39% higher than previous year.

He said the sum total of investment is expected to be far greater than the amount of government Plan investment as the Centre will actively promote PPP and project financing through other schemes.

Kerala CM said that in spite of adverse economic climate, the financial policies adopted by the state government have started showing positive outcomes. The focus during the 12th Plan will be on "Development with Care and Compassion".

[psanthosh]

Chekuthan ,

Good to start this kind of thread.

[maheshponneth]

Chekuthan, really informative thread. thanks for starting. keep going.

[chekuthan]

Kerala State Poultry Development Corporation plans to increase poultry production
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/c...w/12860575.cms

Kerala State Poultry Development Corporation plans to increase poultry production

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The Kerala State Poultry Development Corporation (KEPCO) is planning to increase poultry production to meet the growing demand for dressed chicken in the district.

More integration farms, in association with private broiler units, and new poultry farms under KEPCO are under active consideration. At present, KEPCO sells 2.25 tonnes of dressed chicken meat through its 11 outlets spread across the district. However, this comes to only around 3% of the total broiler consumption in the district.

According to KEPCO marketing manager V Sukumaran Nair, the corporation is planning to increase its poultry production by setting up more poultry farms in Kozhikode and Ernakulam districts as well. Demand for chicken meat registers 40 to 45% growth across the state annually.

The corporation has been facing a supply crunch due to soaring demand for dressed chicken. Since supply from its integration farms have almost dried up, the corporation has decided to purchase broiler from private broiler units.

The corporation is planning to increase its poultry production by setting up more poultry farms in Kozhikode and Ernakulam districts as well. Demand for chicken meat registers 40 to 45% growth across the state annually

[chekuthan]

http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/ke...project-203832
Kerala Chamber of Commerce and Industry to implement 'Malabar 2025' project

[chekuthan]

http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/ke...project-203832
Kerala Chamber of Commerce and Industry to implement 'Malabar 2025' project

[chekuthan]

http://www.business-standard.com/ind...alysis/471781/

The important contributors to the country’s agricultural GDP are Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal, accounting for 40 per cent of India’s agricultural income. Other important states include Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Punjab, each contributing more than six per cent to India’s agricultural GDP. Among these states, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh had a fairly high growth of five to six per cent a year, while West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab managed a growth of only two to three per cent a year. Kerala stands out as the only large state where agriculture has recorded a decline by about one per cent a year.

[chekuthan]

http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280710

South India—Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Pondicherry—has a combined state GDP of over $300 billion, securing it a place among the top 30 economies of the world, and contributes over 22 per cent of India’s GDP and 28 per cent of its employment. It also produces 38 per cent of India’s engineering graduates, 49 per cent of its medical graduates and 25 per cent of its post-graduates each year. The region also provides a higher-than-national average access to basic amenities, with close to 100 per cent electrification of its villages.

[chekuthan]

http://articles.timesofindia.indiati...l-insemination

The first phase of National Dairy Plan (NDP), the ambitious scheme to double India's milk production, was launched at the headquarters of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in the country's milk capital here on Thursday.

Launched as 'Mission Milk', NDP proposes to usher in country's second White Revolution. Since 1998, India has already emerged as world's largest milk producer.

Union agriculture minister Sharad Pawar unveiled the national plan in the presence of chief minister Narendra Modi. In the first phase, which is spread across six years and with a financial outlay of Rs 2,242 crore, NDP is aimed at increasing the productivity of milch animals through a scientifically planned multi-state initiative.

According to NDDB chairperson Amrita Patel, the demand for milk is projected to be around 200 million tonnes in 2021-22, as against the production of 122.8 million tonnes in 2010-11. "It is necessary to maintain annual growth of over four per cent for the next 15 years to meet the estimated demand," she said.

NDP I will be implemented in 14 major milk producing states, including Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. It is being financed largely with loan from International Development Association (IDA) of World Bank and implemented by NDDB through End Implementing Agencies located in the states.

Total financial outlay for entire NDP spread over 15 years tenure is Rs 17,300 crore. "If all the states support this project and make the implementation of the first phase successful, the World Bank has assured us that it will not hesitate in expediting further support for the next phases," Pawar said, addressing mediapersons after the function.

The dairy sector at present contributes six per cent to country's GDP and 26 per cent to agriculture GDP.

In phase one, NDP envisages production of 2,500 high genetic merit and disease free cattle and buffalo bulls of different breeds using internationally established practices of progeny testing and pedigree selection and import of 400 Jersey and Holstein Friesian bulls.

It also intends to raise the proportion of milch animals bred through artificial insemination from 20 per cent to 35 per cent over the six-year project period. Various A and B graded semen stations in the country would also be strengthened for production of about 100 million doses for use by semen stations across the country. A pilot model to demonstrate viable and sustainable artificial insemination delivery service that follows standard operating procedures will also be funded under the NDP, to reach 4 million artificial insemination deliveries per annum by the end of NDP.

In order to maximise the genetic potential of milch animals, an initiative to educate farmers on feeding their animals a balanced ration will be carried out by 40,000 local resource persons.

Steps will be taken to expand village based procurement systems by strengthening existing cooperatives and facilitating the setting up of producer companies or new generation cooperatives. It is expected about 1.2 million milk producers in 23,800 additional villages will be covered in the project.

[chekuthan]

http://zeenews.india.com/business/ne...ala_46744.html
Singapore evinces interest to invest in Kerala

Thiruvananthapuram: Singapore has expressed interest in forging trade and technology partnerships with Kerala in key projects, including Vizhinjam Port and Kochi Metro Rail.

Singapore Consul-General in Chennai Ajit Singh held discussions with Chief Minister Oommen Chandy, Industries and IT Minister P K Kunhalikutty and senior officials on the possibilities of forging partnership between the two sides, according to an official release.

The investment areas covered by discussions included trade, infrastructure development, water technologies, waste management, logistics and the knowledge sector, it added.

A South-east Asian powerhouse, the city-state of Singapore already has strong ties with India being the second biggest foreign investor in the country.

Showcasing the state to global investors and inviting them to become partners in inclusive, rapid and sustainable economic development is one of the prime objectives of the Emerging Kerala 2012 Global Connect scheduled in Kochi from September 12-14.

In the run-up to the event, Chandy and his key cabinet colleagues recently met diplomats, heads of multilateral agencies and chiefs of trade missions, corporate leaders and business tycoons in New Delhi.