=The Volcano Kingdom= Indonesian Mountains & Volcanoes

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3. Burni Telong


Photo by Cahya Patria, 2004 (Centre of Volcanology & Geological Hazard Mitigation, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).

Volcano Types:
Stratovolcano
Lava domes

Summit Elev: 2617 m
Latitude: 4.769°N
Longitude: 96.821°E
The conical Bur ni Telong volcano was constructed at the southern base of the massive Bur ni Geureudong volcanic complex, one of the largest in northern Sumatra. The historically active Bur ni Telong volcano lies 4.5 km from the summit of Geureudong and grew to a height of 2624 m. The summit crater of Bur ni Telong has migrated to the ESE, leaving arcuate crater rims. Lava flows are exposed on the southern flank. Explosive eruptions were recorded during the 19th and 20th centuries.

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photo by AlastairM
View of the summit pinnacles on the trek to the summit. Your guides may want to stop here but it is easy to follow the path up to the left to the summit.

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4. Sibayak


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Volcano Types:
Stratovolcanoes
Calderas
Lava dome
Summit Elev: 2212 m
Latitude: 3.23°N
Longitude: 98.52°E
Sibayak and Pinto are twin volcanoes within a compound caldera open to the north. The 900-m-wide crater of Sibayak is partially filled on the north by Pinto volcano. A lava flow traveled through a gap in the western crater wall from the summit lava dome of Sibayak. Area residents record legends of eruptions. Neumann van Padang (1983) cited a report by Hoekstra of ash clouds that were emitted from the volcano in 1881.

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Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

A dramatic 300-m-wide explosion crater near the summit of Sibayak volcano contains a small turquoise-colored crater lake and areas of extensive hydrothermal alteration and sulfur deposition. Steam rises above active fumaroles at several locations along the far crater wall.


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Steam rises from an area of hydrothermal alteration near the summit of Sibayak volcano. Sibayak is seen here from a village in the flat-floored caldera moat south of the summit.


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

The skyline ridge is part of the wall of a compound caldera in which Sibayak and Pinto volcanoes were constructed. The lower slope of Sibayak volcano rises at the extreme right above the caldera moat, which is occupied by villages and agricultural land.

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Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

An explosion crater containing a small turquoise-colored lake and sulfur-encrusted active fumaroles cuts the summit lava dome of Sibayak volcano. The volcano is considered to be the abode of Nini Kertah Ernala ("Grandmother of the Gleaming Sulfur"), the mountain's spirit.


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Climbers tread a path near the summit of Sibayak volcano. The horizontal forested ridge in the center background, forming part of the southern caldera wall of Sibayak volcano, is viewed from an area of hydrothermally altered rock near the volcano's summit.


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

A small crater lake near the summit of Sibayak volcano shows active fumaroles and areas of sulfur deposition. An active fumarole is visible at the upper left. The lake is popular destination for weekend climbers from villages and towns surrounding the volcano.


Anonymous photo, 1990.

Gunung Sibayak, seen here from the south, is the southernmost of two twin volcanoes constructed within a compound caldera. Several villages occupy the flat-bottomed caldera moat. Steam rises from fumaroles on the flank of a lava dome in the summit crater.

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photo by YoOoOoL


photo by CKW


photo by Djulz

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5. Sinabung


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Volcano Types:
Stratovolcano


Summit Elev: 2460 m
Latitude: 3.17°N
Longitude: 98.392°E
Gunung Sinabung is a Pleistocene-to-Holocene stratovolcano with many lava flows on its flanks. The migration of summit vents along a N-S line gives the summit crater complex an elongated form. The youngest crater of this conical andesitic-to-dacitic volcano is at the southern end of the four overlapping summit craters. Solfataric activity was seen at the summit and upper flanks of Sinabung in 1912, although no historical eruptions have been recorded.

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Photo by S. Wikartadipura, 1982 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).

Sinabung volcano, seen from Gurukinayan village on the south, shows prominent lava flows on its flanks and a dramatic summit spine. The summit of Gunung Sinabung is much less frequently visited than neighboring Sabayak volcano to the NE.


Photo by S. Wikartadipura, 1982 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).

Sinabung volcano, seen here from Tigapancur village, is a prominent conical stratovolcano that rises above the Kato Plateau in NW Sumatra. Levees of massive lava flows (left-center) are prominent on the flanks of the volcano. No confirmed historical eruptions are known.

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6. Toba


NASA Landsat7 image (worldwind.arc.nasa.gov)

Volcano Types:
Caldera
Stratovolcano
Lava domes
Summit Elev: 2157 m
Latitude: 2.58°N
Longitude: 98.83°E
The 35 x 100 km Toba caldera, the Earth's largest Quaternary caldera, was formed during four major Pleistocene ignimbrite-producing eruptions beginning at 1.2 million years ago. The latest of these produced the Young Toba Tuff (YTT) about 74,000 years ago. The YTT represents the world's largest known Quaternary eruption, ejecting about 2500-3000 cu km (dense rock equivalent) of ignimbrite and airfall ash from vents at the NW and SE ends of present-day Lake Toba. Resurgent doming forming the massive Samosir Island and Uluan Peninsula structural blocks postdated eruption of the YTT. Additional post-YTT eruptions include emplacement of a series of lava domes, growth of the solfatarically active Pusukbukit volcano on the south margin of the caldera, and formation of Tandukbenua volcano at the NW-most rim of the caldera. Lack of vegetation suggests that this volcano may be only a few hundred years old (Chesner and Rose, 1991).

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Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey)

The 35 x 100 km wide Toba caldera, partially filled by waters of Sumatra's Lake Toba, is Earth's largest Quaternary caldera. This view looks west toward the northern end of Samosir Island, which is part of a massive inclined block uplifted after eruption of the Young Toba Tuff (YTT) about 74,000 years ago. The island, once entirely covered by Lake Toba, is formed of caldera-fill deposits of YTT capped by lake sediments.


Photo by Bill Rose, 1982 (Michigan Technological University).

The eastern wall of Toba caldera forms the horizon across Lake Toba from Samosir Island in the foreground. The small Tuk-Tuk peninsula (center) extends into the lake from the large 630 sq km island. The small conical peak on the horizon at left-center is Tandukbenua volcano, which may have erupted only a few hundred years ago.


Photo by Bill Rose, 1982 (Michigan Technological University).

Weather clouds rise above the summit of Pusukbukit (right), a 1972-m-high post-caldera stratovolcano constructed just inside the western rim of Toba caldera. Lake Toba, which fills the caldera, is visible beyond the northern (left) flank of Pusukbukit. Solfataric areas are located along the lake on the northern flank of Pusukbukit.

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Photo by Bill Rose, 1982 (Michigan Technological University).

Sipisupisu waterfall, at the northern end of Lake Toba, plunges over a cliff in the Middle Toba Tuff (MTT). The MTT rhyolitic ignimbrite was emplaced about 500,000 years ago durng the next to smallest of the four major caldera-forming eruptions at Toba. Products of the densely welded >60 cu km MTT eruption are distributed over the northern part of the caldera.


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Lake Toba, the largest lake in SE Asia, fills more than half of the 35 x 100 km Toba caldera, the Earth's largest Quaternary caldera. Caldera walls rise steeply 400-1200 m above the 1700 sq km lake, which is one of the world's deepest, with a maximum depth of 530 m. This view looks south from the northern caldera rim.


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey)

The 35 x 100 km Toba caldera was formed during four powerful explosive eruptions beginning 1.2 million years ago. The latest of these, about 74,000 years ago, was the world's largest known Quaternary eruption, producing the Young Toba Tuff (YTT). The YTT consists of about 4000 cu km of ashfall- and voluminous pyroclastic-flow deposits, erupted from vents at the NW and SE ends of present-day Lake Toba.

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Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey)

The northern wall of Toba caldera rises about 500 m above the village of Haranggoal. Samosir Island, visible in the distance across Lake Toba on the right, is part of an uplifted block of caldera-fill deposits from the last major eruption of Toba about 74,000 years ago.


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey)

Clouds obscure the summit of Pusukbukit, a young stratovolcano constructed on the western margin of Toba caldera. An active hydrothermal area forms the light-colored area at the base of the volcano across a narrow strait from Samosir Island on Lake Toba.


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey)

The steep-sided wall behind Tomok village on Samosir Island is part of a block of uplifted caldera-fill rocks. The entire 630-sq-km island, which now rises to 700 m above Lake Toba, is capped by lake-floor sediments deposited before the island was uplifted above lake level.

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Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Post-caldera activity at Toba included the construction of Holocene volcanoes along the caldera rim and active hot springs. These terraces at Sipoholon Hot Springs are part of still-active thermal areas located along the western caldera ring fracture and along the west edge of Samosir Island.


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey)

Sulfur-encrusted Terraces at Sipoholon Hot Springs on the west-central shore of Lake Toba are part of a number of still-active thermal areas located along Toba's western caldera ring fracture and across a narrow strait along the western edge of Samosir Island.


Anonymous photo, 1993.

Majestic 100-km-long Lake Toba is seen from its northern end. The lake fills a massive 100 x 30 km caldera formed during four major late-Pleistocene eruptions. The western caldera scarp forms the cliffs at the right. The low-angle slope on the left horizon is Samosir Island, half of a large resurgent block in the center of the caldera. The 1700-sq-km lake is the largest in SE Asia.

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Photo by Mike Dolan, 1993 (Michigan Technological University).

Pusukbukit, the most prominent post-caldera volcano at Toba caldera, was constructed just within the western caldera rim. It is seen here across a narrow strait from Samosir Island, with light-colored solfataric areas along its northern flank. The youngest lava flow on 1972-m-high Pusukbukit is of dacitic compostion.


Photo by Mike Dolan, 1993 (Michigan Technological University).

Tuk-Tuk, a small peninsula on Samosir Island, provides a vista of Latung Strait, which separates the opposing resurgent blocks of Samosir Island (right) and the Uluan block on the left. The Latung Strait marks the center of post-caldera resurgence, which tilted the Uluan block, located within the SE part of the caldera, to the SE and the Samosir Island block to the NE.

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photo by www.adiae.tk

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by TanChinEng

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7. Sorikmarapi


Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Volcano Types:
Stratovolcano


Summit Elev: 2145 m
Latitude: 0.686°N
Longitude: 99.539°E
Sorikmarapi is a forested stratovolcano with a 600-m-wide summit crater containing a crater lake and substantial sulfur deposits. A smaller parasitic crater (Danau Merah) on the upper SE flank also contains a crater lake; these two craters and a series of smaller explosion pits occur along a NW-SE line. Several solfatara fields are located on the eastern flank. Phreatic eruptions have occurred from summit and flank vents during the 19th and 20th centuries

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Anonymous photo, 1991.

Sorikmarapi volcano rises above older mountains that have impeded its growth to the north. The truncated summit contains a crater lake and a chain of smaller NW-SE-trending craters. Historical eruptions have been recorded from both summit and flank vents since the 19th century.


photo by dockx thierry

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8. Talakmau


Anonymous photo, 1991.

Volcano Types:
Complex volcano


Summit Elev: 2919 m
Latitude: 0.079°N
Longitude: 99.98°E
Talakmau (also known as Talamau) is a massive compound volcano rising above the western coastal plain of Sumatra. The andesitic-dacitic volcano is constructed along a NE-SW line, rising to 2912 m, more than 700 m above its twin volcano Pasaman to the SW, which has its own adventive cone, Bukit Nilam, lying 3.4 km to the SW. Three craters along the same NE-SW trend occur at the summit of Talakmau; the NE-most and highest crater is filled by a lava dome. Reports of historical eruptions, including one with rumblings and "smoke" emission in 1937, are considered doubtful, but eruptive activity has occurred during the Holocene.

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photo by Irsyadul Halim