1001 Inventions in the Islamic world

[Redalinho]

Brass astrolabe by Muhammad al-Fazari in the 8th century.



Mechanical geared astrolabe by Ibn Samh (c. 1020)



Navigational astrolabe was invented in the Islamic world. It employed the use of a polar projection system



In the 10th century, al-Sufi first described over 1000 different uses of an astrolabe, including uses in astronomy, astrology, horoscopes, navigation, surveying, timekeeping, Qibla, Salah, etc



Orthographical astrolabe by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the 11th century



Saphaea, a universal astrolabe for all latitudes, by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) in 11th century



Zuraqi, a heliocentric astrolabe where the Earth is in motion rather than the sky, by al-Sijzi in the 11th century



# Linear astrolabe ("staff of al-Tusi") by Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī in the 12th century

[Redalinho]

True soap, made of vegetable oils (such as olive oil) with sodium hydroxide and aromatics (such as thyme oil), invented by al-Razi (Rhazes)




Soap bar by al-Razi (Rhazes)



Sodium Lye (Al-Soda Al-Kawia), perfumed and colored soaps, and liquid and solid soaps by Muslim chemists



Recipes for soaps, such as ones made from sesame oil, potash, alkali, lime, and molds, leaving hard soap (soap bar)



Shampoo by the Sake Dean Mahomet in 1759.

[Redalinho]

Perfume usage recorded in 7th century Arabian Peninsula

Perfume industry established by Geber (Jabir) (b. 722, Iraq) and al-Kindi (b. 801, Iraq)



Jabir developed many techniques, including distillation, evaporation and filtration, which enabled the collection of the odour of plants into a vapour that could be collected in the form of water or oil.



Al-Kindi carried out extensive research and experiments in combining various plants and other sources to produce a variety of scent products.



Al-Kindi elaborated a vast number of recipes for a wide range of perfumes, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.



The preparation of a perfume called ghaliya, which contained musk, amber and other ingredients, and the use of various drugs and apparatus, by al-Kindi.



Extraction of fragrances through steam distillation by Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) in the 11th century.



Introduction of new raw ingredients in perfumery.



Perfumery produced from different spices, herbals, and other fragrance materials.



Introduction of jasmine from South and Southeast Asia, and citrus fruits from East Asia in modern perfumery.

Cheap mass production of incenses.



Musk and floral perfumes in the 11th-12th century Arabian Peninsula.

[Redalinho]

The Islamic hospital-universities were the first free public hospitals, the first medical schools, and the first universities to issue diplomas. The first of these institutions was opened in Baghdad during the time of Harun al-Rashid. They then appeared in Egypt from 872 and then in Islamic Spain, Persia and the Maghreb thereafter. Physicians and surgeons at Islamic hospital-universities gave lectures to medical students and a diploma would be issued to any student who completed his/her education and was qualified to be a doctor of Medicine.




The psychiatric hospitals were also built in the medieval Islamic world



Plaster by Abu al-Qasim (Abucasis) in 1000.



Tracheotomy by Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) in the 12th century.



The medical procedure of inoculation in the medieval Muslim world, later followed by the first smallpox vaccine in the form of cowpox, invented in Turkey in the early 18th century.



At least 2,000 medicinal substances.



Other medical treatments developed by Muslim physicians include:

Modern oral and inhalant anesthesia by Muslim anesthesiologists.



Surgeries under inhalant anesthesia with the use of narcotic-soaked sponges which were placed over the face, by Abu al-Qasim and Ibn Zuhr.

Medical and anesthetic use of Opium by Avicenna.



Application of purified alcohol to wounds as an antiseptic agent by Muslim physicians and surgeons in the 10th century.



Utilization of special methods for maintaining antisepsis prior to and during surgery by surgeons.

Specific protocols for maintaining hygiene during the post-operative period.



Drug therapy and medicinal drugs for the treatment of specific symptoms and diseases, and the use of practical experience and careful observation, by Avicenna, al-Kindi, Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Qasim, Ibn Zuhr, Ibn Baytar, Ibn al-Jazzar, Ibn Juljul, Ibn al-Quff, Ibn al-Nafis, Al-Biruni, Ibn Sahl.



Chemotherapeutical drugs in the Muslim world.



Specific substances to destroy microbes, and the application of sulfur topically specifically to kill the scabies mite.



Medicinal-grade alcohol through distillation, and the first distillation devices for use in chemistry manufactured on a large scale, in the 10th century.



Alcohol as a solvent and antiseptic

[Redalinho]

Ecological friendly farming

Farmers in the Muslim world were able to feed the many millions using their acquired knowledge, without damaging the land, based on tried and tested experience. In the 9th century they even introduced new crops and invented new irrigation systems that radically improved the amount of crops they could grow.

[Redalinho]

Introduction to the Islamic City


Islam is seen by many scholars as an urban religion, which favours communal practice on individual worship. Although, piety is the only source of appraisal, it is widely accepted that most of Islam's teaching is best practised in an urban setting. It is not surprising that Islam made particular emphasis on the form and design of the city enabling it a greater functionality and responsiveness to meet the socio-economic and cultural needs of the community. This article presents an analysis of the spatial and functional arrangements of the Muslim city and assesses their socio-cultural meanings.

General Introduction


The penetration of Islam to various lands in Asia, Africa and Europe had an irreversible and overwhelming impact on urban development. Islam according to Fischel (1956) and Hassan (1972), is an urban religion. The religious practices, beliefs and values especially those relating to organisation and authority, emphasised social gathering, and discouraged nomadism and dispersing. Early Muslim towns, such as those in the Maghreb like Al-Fustat, Tunis, and Rabat were erected to preach Islam, playing the role of "Citadel of faith" (Fischel, 1956, p.229). They were dedicated to receiving the new converts, in a similar way Medina received migrants from Makkah. Hodgson (1974) called them Dar-El-Hijra, a place where Muslims came to put into practice the Islamic life, and through them Islam spread to North Africa, the whole African continent, and southern Europe. Consequently, a number of thriving towns emerged due to this religious role.


By the 9th century AD, this prestigious (religious) role was replaced by political motives as various parts of the Muslim World broke their traditional link with the main Caliphate in the East. Local divisions and conflicts, in addition to continuous raids of the nomads, have created a process of urban decline. In this context, Sjoberg (1960, p60) wrote:
"We must, if we are to explain the growth, spread, and decline of cities, comment upon the city as a mechanism by which a society's rules can consolidate and maintain their power and, more important, the essentiality of a well-developed power structure for the formation and perpetuation of urban centres". Sjoberg


These unstable conditions undermined the survival, growth and birth of towns, which were the battle ground of these divisions and disputes. The rise of a new capital was often achieved at the price of existing ones. Ibn Khaldoun commented on these events saying in his Muqaddimah:
"...see all the lands which the rural and Nomads (Bedouins) have conquered in the last few centuries: civilisation and population have departed from them." Ibn Khaldoun, Almuqaddimah
Stability was not regained until the arrival of the Ottomans in 16th century. In a desire to revive the old Caliphate, as well as to defend against Spanish and Portuguese occupation of North African Western coast, the Ottomans were enabled to control most of the Muslim World (except Persia, Arabian peninsula and Morocco) in. They brought peace, security and prosperity, the main ingredients for urban recovery and growth. Once again numerous new towns emerged and others expanded considerably, thriving mainly on Ottoman trade. With increasing power of 17th century imperial Europe, the main role of these towns was to provide military enforcement for Ottoman resistance against European domination of the Mediterranean Sea. These efforts exhausted local resources causing another cycle of urban decline. By the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Muslim cities experienced periods of wide spread disease and famine (such as those witnessed in North Africa). That was followed by falling in the hands of colonial powers. The final event was the death sentence for the traditional Muslim city through the introduction of new alien morphological, socio-cultural and economic characteristics. The European town created new situation and slowly emptied the Muslim city from its functional viability. After independence, Muslim countries, in their quest for development, adopted a policy of modernisation leading to further alienation of the little left of the traditional Muslim city.

[anaowamessi]

http://www.dailymotion.com/relevance...t-1-sur-3_tech

[Redalinho]

Excellent doc, merci

Originally Posted by anaowamessi

http://www.dailymotion.com/relevance...t-1-sur-3_tech

[anaowamessi]

Originally Posted by Redalinho

Excellent doc, merci

merci!

[anaowamessi]

Ibn Battuta Mall (Dubai)



Abbas Ibn Firnas ou Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas (810 - 887), précurseur de l'aéronautique, était un humaniste, scientifique et chimiste. Il est né dans une famille d'origine berbère dont les ancêtres ont probablement participé à la conquête de l'Espagne.

Les biographes le présentent comme un philosophe brillant, il dut donc recevoir une solide formation, ce qui signifie qu'il a fait des études scientifiques. Il a notamment étudié la chimie, la physique et l'astronomie.

Ses aptitudes en poésie et son savoir-faire en astrologie lui ont permis d'être introduit à la cour de Abd al-Rahman II (822-852) où il y enseignera la poésie.

Mais s'il a continué à fréquenter cette cour durant le règne du successeur Muhammad Ier (852-886), c'est pour ses nombreuses inventions, dont certaines sont évoquées par les historiens. Ibn Firnas a conçu une horloge à eau, le Clepsydre appelée Al-Maqata-Maqata. Il a également été la premier à mettre au point la technique de taille du cristal de roche; il a conçu une sphère armillaire pour visualiser le mouvement des astres et un planétarium qu'il a construit chez lui.

En 852, Armen Firman décide de voler en se lançant depuis une tour de Cordoba à l'aide d'un énorme manteau pour amortir sa chute. Il s'en tirera avec des blessures minimes. On considère généralement qu'Armen Firman a crée le premier parachute. Ce saut qu'a vu Ibn Firnas, l'a beaucoup marqué.

En 875, à l'âge de 65 ans, Ibn Firnas se fait confectionner des ailes en bois recouvertes d'un habit de soie qu'il avait garni de plumes de rapaces. Il se lance d'une tour surplombant une vallée, et, même si l'atterrissage est mauvais (il s'est fracturé les deux jambes), le vol est globalement une réussite : il resta dans les airs pendant une dizaine de minutes. Il fut largement observé par une immense foule qu'il avait par avance invitée. Il comprit par la suite son erreur : il aurait dû ajouter une queue à son appareil. Il meurt douze ans après, en 887. Sa tentative de vol par ses propres moyens a marqué les esprits, à son époque et même quelques siècles plus tard.

Dans les pays musulmans il est indiqué que le premier homme à avoir essayé de voler est Ibn Firnas, 1000 ans avant Clément Ader. Les Libyens ont produit un timbre-poste à son effigie, les Irakiens ont construit une statue le représentant sur la route de l'aéroport international de Bagdad, et ils ont donné le nom d'Ibn Firnas à un autre aéroport au nord de Bagdad. Les Algériens ont quant à eux construit un avion léger à hélice basé sur le modèle du Zlin Tchèque baptisé Firnas-142.

Un cratère sur la Lune porte son nom.

[Jünyus Brütüs]

What a great thread, wait for more..

[zazo]

In Al-Ándalus, as the most rich country in culture, tecnology and art, there were a lot of inventions by the islamic spaniards (omeya), who came from Siria and Iran (nothing to see with Morocco) and mixed with visigothics, etc, along with the kingdoms of Damasco, Bagdad, etc, almost every islamic inventions were taken there:

Telescope, in Córdoba (not Galileo)
Glasses, in Córdoba
Bidet, in Córdoba ( taken by Napoleon to France, where it became famous)
The press (not Gutenberg)
The mechanical clock (not in Milano)
The first device to fly in IX century, in Córdoba (Not Da Vinci)
The crystal mirror (not in Venice)
The check (not in Italy)
And many other things, the paper was used in the spanish islamic kingdom after it arrived to the rest of Europe in 800, Córdoba
All these are islamic inventios talking about the common language, culture and religion of many countries, but not political, echonomical or racial, considering Al-Ándalus and independent kingdom from the rest of the islamic empire (Caliphate of Córdoba) using as one of their languages ,the arabic, with a common religion and a similar culture

[MoroccanChica]

Originally Posted by zazo

In Al-Ándalus, as the most rich country in culture, tecnology and art, there were a lot of inventions by the islamic spaniards (omeya), who came from Siria and Iran (nothing to see with Morocco) and mixed with visigothics, etc, along with the kingdoms of Damasco, Bagdad, etc, almost every islamic inventions were taken there:

The initial invasion of the Iberian Peninsula was triggerd by the Umayyads in Damascus, but starting the 11th it was ruled from Moroccan dynasties until the end of the 15th century.

[zazo]

yeah, moroccan dinasties from Damasco(the area which ocupe actual morocco was invaded by islamic, but the different is that Morocco is still islamic and Spain isn't) the islamic empire started in Arabia, but those Al-Andalus inventions are also islamic, made by the grand parents of actual spaniards, but islamic